Education Teach Procedures

Question: Give a short conversation on educating methods? Answer: Instruction is the essential phase of all learnings where the base forever starts at a more noteworthy high. There are different homeroom methods which are adjusted and actualized so as to show the understudies. The instructing subjects may be the equivalent anyway the strategies which are adjusted and actualized so as to confer the subjects may be distinctive relying upon the reasonableness of the crowd like their age gatherings. In this article I have picked the grade school instructing technique where the encouraging philosophies would be somewhat not the same as the others. In this mode the understudies have just dropped from their preschool age gatherings. At this point they would have figured out how to perceive things, recognize hues, take a gander at pictures and identify with various things. So as to run the meetings in a smooth manner I have executed the positive methodology where the understudies would begin with a positive note, would collaborate with one another, would get signals, would converse with accomplices, would be in gatherings and would partake in all the study hall exercises in a major manner. The basic angles which I have secured are the intelligent model meetings where the understudies were gathered into gatherings, would be given points like a school, family, outing, companion where I have begun by indicating photos of these viewpoints and the understudies would get the chance to remember them, take a gander at various parts of those photos, comprehend the hues, relate and analyze the photos of others. They had the option to comprehend that an individual accompanies a family and each individual is one of a kind. This sort of learning advances thinking capacity and investigating capacity to comprehend things in a superior manner. The second angle which was actualized was by including in bunches be it play and be it conversation all the understudies were engaged with utilizing some kind of art work utilizing instruments like paper, scissors, pen, pencils, create materials and different things. This additionally upgrades the capacity of the understudies to play and to associate with various things, in actuality, so a ton of viewpoints get more clear in their psyches and they can develop into being better people when they grow up. This was the principle focal point of my instructing where I have concentrated on conveyance and building up their aptitudes than all else. Aside from this overseeing advances was another perspective and this point is very touchy with regards to instructing such little children where they would not comprehend the term change anyway would travel starting with one stage then onto the next. These changes could be beginning with coming to class from home at such a young age, including in the homeroom, taking an interest in the classes, becoming accustomed to new arrangement of understudies around and getting taught in bunches where they would have an individual consideration when they are at home. Every one of these perspectives are delicate for a littler kid to adapt to anyway they ought to be prepared and their psyches ought to be sustained so that they become acclimated to the school condition.

Thanking in French - Merci et Les Autres Remerciements

Expressing gratitude toward in French - Merci et Les Autres Remerciements All of you know â€Å"merci†. Be that as it may, there are various approaches to state thank you in French, just as various implications to the word. Merci: The Common Way of Saying Thank You in French â€Å"Merci† is ‘thank you’. Its articulated â€Å"mair see† with an open ‘ay’ sound not a shut ‘ur’ sound. You can make it more grounded by saying â€Å"merci beaucoup† †‘thank you very much’. Note that the very is incorporated, you can't state â€Å"merci trã ¨s beaucoup†. To state ‘a thousand thanks’ we state â€Å"mille mercis† or â€Å"merci mille fois†. It’s truly normal in French all things considered in English. You as a rule go with a vocal â€Å"merci† with a grin, and it suggests that you acknowledge whatever is being offered to you. Nonetheless, on the off chance that you need to decline something, you could state â€Å"non merci†, or even simply state â€Å"merci† with a hand signal, demonstrating your palm to the individual before you in a sort of stop gesture. You make shake your head â€Å"no† simultaneously. You may grin or not, contingent upon how firm you need theâ refusal to be. At the point when you thank somebody, they may answer merci toi/vous - in English, youd state thank YOU, with the accentuation on the you, which means I am the one expressing gratitude toward you. Je Vous/Te Remercie Pour... I Thank You For in French Another approach to state ‘thank you’ is to utilize the action word â€Å"remercier†. â€Å"Remercier†, ‘to thank’ is trailed by an immediate item (so it will take the pronouns me, te, le, la, nous, vous, les), and afterward by â€Å"pour† ‘for’, similarly for what it's worth in English. Je vous/te remercie pour ce dã ©licieux dã ®ner. I thank you for this delectable supper feast. Note that the action word â€Å"remercier† has a stem in â€Å"i†, so the last stable will regularly be a vowel, much the same as the action word â€Å"ã ©tudier†. Je vous/te remercie pour les fleurs †I thank you for the flowers.Je voulais vous/te remercier pour votre/ta gentillesse †I needed to thank you for your benevolence. Utilizing â€Å"remercier† is exceptionally formal in French, significantly less normal than utilizing â€Å"merci†. Snap here for additional methods of offering thanks in French. Les Remerciements - The Thanks When discussing the much obliged, the thing, you’d utilize the thing â€Å"le/les remerciement(s)†, normally utilized in the plural. Tu as les remerciements de Susan †you have Susan’s thanks.Je voudrais lui adresser mes remerciements †I might want to send him/her my much obliged. No Thanksgiving in France Thanksgivingâ is not a French occasion by any stretch of the imagination, and most French individuals have never known about it. They may have seen some Thanksgiving supper on a sitcom on TV, however likely disposed of the data. There is no Black Friday deal in France either.â In Canada, Thanksgiving is called â€Å"l’Action de Grã ¢ce(s)† with or without a S and is commended basically in a similar manner as in the US, however on the second Monday of October. Express gratitude toward You Notes in France Its to some degree less regular in France to compose une carte de remerciement. That is to say, its normal, and its neighborly, however dislike in the Anglo-Saxon countriesâ where Thank You cards are an immense market. In the event that youve been blessed to receive something extremely exceptional, you can completely send a note to say thanks or a written by hand note, yet dont anticipate that your French companion should fundamentally respond. Its not discourteous of them, its equitable not that profoundly established in our amiability.

Business to business marketing Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business to business showcasing - Article Example The Coca-Cola Company is perhaps the biggest association on the planet. It has numerous branches and establishments over the world that do the creation for its benefit. When the creation is finished, the organization ordinarily disperses the completed items to the different wholesalers. The distributer associations typically settle on their purchasing choices dependent on the regions they are found and their business turnover. For example, if the business turn over is low, the associations won't accepting a great part of the beverages. The space they have accessible for putting away the products will likewise impact their purchasing conduct. Much of the time, the Coca-Cola Company does the majority of the showcasing however in a roundabout way in the interest of the wholesalers. The organization showcases straightforwardly to the clients. The clients will thus purchase more from the wholesalers who will at that point have the option to settle on a purchasing choice from the makers an d the different establishments. Hence, the organization animates its business to business deals by straightforwardly showcasing to the clients and the implication of this is the wholesalers and retailers will be affected to purchase the

Should Parents Monitor Their Childs Social Media Professor Ramos Blog

Should Parents Monitor Their Childs Social Media Mallory Grossman was an enthusiastic young lady who delighted in acrobatic and cheerleading, said her folks (Zaremba). She made adornments and offered it to fund-raise for Camp Good Days, a day camp for youngsters with malignant growth and kids who have lost somebody to disease (Zaremba). Toward the beginning of October, and through the span of nine months, a few young ladies at Copeland Middle School started to menace Mallory (Zaremba) They tormented the 6th grader with â€Å"mean messages and posts on Instagram and Snapchat. They gave her filthy looks, embarrassed her and avoided her from exercises at school. The numerous messages sent to Mallory were awful and called her a washout, said that she had no companions and even proposed, Why dont you slaughter yourself, as per the Grossmans lawyer Bruce Nagel (Zaremba). Mallorys grades started to slip, causing her folks concern. They connected with the locale once more, saying they need to discuss how she is getting along scholasticall y just as her enthusiastic prosperity in school. Mallory likewise whined of stomach throbs and different sicknesses as an approach to remain at home from school, her folks said. After the nine months of tormenting and digital harassing, 12-year-old Mallory Grossman killed herself, deserting her family, she had two sisters, a sibling, companions, bunches of cousins, aunties and uncles, and her folks (Zaremba). This is only one story. . As kids invest more energy occupied with different online exercises, concerns in regards to their Internet use have additionally expanded (Shin1). Concerns incorporate, yet are not constrained to, simpler access to youngster improper substance, cyberbullying, Internet fixation, and online security (Shin1). Youngsters are powerless and receptive. With the web actually in their young hands, it makes it simpler for them to state, and get frightful things even out of school. Harassing has genuine, unfavorable instructive impacts, and understudies who are targets frequently experience outrageous pressure that can prompt side effects of physical ailment and a reduced capacity to get the hang of, as per the National Education Association (Howard). The web is loaded up with perpetual information and is an extraordinary device to utilize however it is additionally loaded up with numerous things that could hurt our youngsters or that could push them into difficulty. 39% of teenagers announce d somebody being â€Å"mean or cruel† to them online in the previous year. Around one out of four said the brutality identified with their sexual direction, sex or race, and one out of five said it was identified with their religion (Howard). The hole between what teenagers are doing and what their folks think about is characteristic of what the NCSA is calling a â€Å"digital detach between American youngsters and parents† (Wong).Yet at what age do most kids dispatch their own online life nearness? In the United States, our comprehension is that about portion of children have some type of internet based life by age 12, Knorr said (Howard). At that point, its significant for guardians and children to discuss what is fitting to set up and what isn't suitable, she said. I do think around 12 years of age is when children have that capacity to keep your principles and to comprehend that those standards are extremely significant and set up to help secure their wellbeing. So as to help ensure your childs wellbeing, the large thing is having a discussion with your kid about internet based life utilize early and regularly and monitoring what theyre doing, and having channels and utilizing severe security settings while you re as yet checking their online life oftentimes, said Dr. Candice Dye, a pediatrician at Childrens of Alabama and right hand teacher at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (Howard)As essential guardians and socialization specialists,  parents are urged to effectively screen and administer children’s Internet use(Shin1) You don’t should be a super sleuth and spy on your kid’s each online move, however it is imperative to know about the sorts of destinations he is frequenting and the individuals  they are partner with (Lee). You become acquainted with the companions they’re  hanging out with at school, and his online companions shouldn’t be any extraordinary (Lee). Helping their youngsters explore an advanced youth is a significant test for 21st-century guardians. Furthermore, 62% of adolescents report going through at any rate five hours on the web each day, a lot of it on cell phones (Shin1). Snapchat and Instagram have  surpassed Faceb ook in fame among youngsters matured 13-17, while different administrations, for example, informing application Kik are additionally making progress. Numerous guardians don’t utilize or comprehend these applications Kids have increased a dominance of innovation so rapidly and can without much of a stretch get on the subtleties that any new device has, undeniably more effectively that we can now and again. It is each parent’s obligation to know precisely which key highlights are remembered for the devices our children are utilizing (Lee). Its pretty much having those discussions with them and defining those limits and accounting for the discussions to proceed, she said. You need them to feel free examining things with out of this world up† (Lee). Howard, Jacqueline â€Å"Whats the normal age when children get an online life account?† CNN (2018) Lee Jeana â€Å"13 Tips for Monitoring Kids’ Social Media† parenting.com Shin, Wonsun. Parental socialization of children’s Internet use: A subjective methodology. New media society 17.5 (2015): 649-665. Wong, Julia. â€Å"US guardians generally Unaware of what their Children do Online, Research Finds.† Theguardian.com (2016) Zaremba, Justin. â€Å"The heartbreaking self destruction of 12-year-old Mallory Grossman: A timeline† www.nj.com (2017)

Bands in Town

Bands in Town Hey all, Okay, so I’m from Evanston, Illinois, which is fairly close to Chicago. I’m used to having access to the city, which means an abundance of eventsâ€"especially art and small band shows. Now, this may sound very hipster cliche, but Ive experienced a withdrawal coming to the universityâ€"but only because I wasn’t looking for art and band shows in the right places. If you are like me and love going to shows on the weekend, magical apps exist to help you find the events that interest you but arent exactly advertised. 1. Bandsintown Bandsintown is a free app that lets you know who’s going to be in your area, and they base their list  off the artists you follow or have  manually searched. The app also helps you find new artists similar to the artists you like. For an addict like me, this means even more band shows! 2. Facebook This probably isn’t news to anyone else, but I’ve recently started using Facebook as a way to find new events like crazy. I basically only  log on to change my profile photo and find new events. Other than using  these two apps in my life, I also check the pole right in front of the Union. Its covered in flyers for upcoming music and events.  Also, if you’re ever in the Art and Design Building, the bulletin boards include  flyers of band and art shows coming up. Indyia Class of 2019 I’m an Art Foundation student in the College of Fine and Applied Arts, and after Art Foundation I plan on majoring in Art Education. With my degree and teaching certificate, I want to teach children how to use their emotions, thoughts, and surroundings to create art.

Describe Similarities Between Nuclear And Solar Energy - 550 Words

Describe Similarities Between Nuclear And Solar Energy (Essay Sample) Content: NameProfessorCourseDateNuclear and Solar energy.Solar energy is an available renewable energy and is considered the cleanest which is generated by the sun and later converted in to thermal energy.it is widely used for heating water for both domestic and commercial uses and provide lighting for comfortable habitation. Nuclear energy, on the other hand, is the energy that is found in the nucleus of tiny particles that compose all existing objects. The energy is used to generate electricity and steam, used in steam turbines. This paper helps in investigating the similarities and differences between solar energy and nuclear energy (Le Duigou et al, pg.1522).Similarities between nuclear and solar energyBoth energies do not emit poisonous gases directly to the environment making them non pollutant energies but if any gas is emitted, they are in very small quantities and unavoidable. As they are both used to generate electricity, the amount of expenses in materials and the ir maintenance is high as there is an increasement in electricity production(Schultz, pg. 65).Caused by the high expenses in materials and maintenance, the prices of electricity in the market are highly increased, obviously influencing competitive abilities in the markets globally.Evidently,it is clear that both nuclear and solar energy share widely on low levels of greenhouse gases exhaustion and costs of electricity(Bosshard,pg.54).Differences between nuclear and solar energySolar energy is considered safer as it does not have any waste materials such as those that can be used or recycled, compared to nuclear energy where waste materials are involved. Such waste materials include used fuel rods. Solar energy is readily renewable as compared to nuclear power which is a non-renewable source of energy. This makes solar energy less expensive than nuclear energy especially on materials and maintenance, which makes it to be widely used in developing countries (Fthenakis et al, pg. 2554) .Solar energy does not emit greenhouse gases which have a negative effect on the environment, leading to harmful effects on human and animal habitants while nuclear energy can cause negative effects on the environment if the waste materials are not properly disposed or taken care of. Solar energy production is only enabled during the day and with the presence of sunlight which is impossible during the night while nuclear energy production is not determined by sunlight thus can be produced any time, with the availability of the required materials and equipment. Since the use of sunlight is required to produce solar energy, radioactive waste is emitted which does not occur during the production of nuclear energy as the there is no use of sunlight. (Lingenfelter et al, pg. 99)Solar energy is produced with the presence of mirrors which enable capturing of sunrays while in nuclear energy production, no mirror equipment is necessary. In the equipment applied to generate electricity for bo th nuclear and solar energy, solar energy equipment is applied more direct tha...

Liberal Voices and Events

Stone Tools Then and Now

We all know the cartoon of the cave man bearing his stone axe. How crude life must have been, we may think, when there was no metal. But stone is a worthy servant. In fact, stone tools have been found that are more than 2 million years old. This means that stone technology is not something Homo sapiens invented—we inherited it from earlier hominid species. And stone tools are still around. I dont mean stone used for construction, but things you can hold in your hand and do stuff with. Stone Grinding Tools Start with grinding. One stone tool thats still in common kitchen use is the mortar and pestle, better than anything for turning things to a powder or paste. (Those are made of marble or agate.) And maybe you seek out stoneground flour for your baking needs. (Grindstones are made of quartzite and similar rocks.) Perhaps the highest use of stone today along these lines is in the tough, heavy granite rollers used for grinding and conching chocolate. And lets not forget chalk, the soft stone used for writing on blackboards or sidewalks. Edged Stone Tools But what makes me light up is edged stone tools. If you spend enough time in suitable country, one day youll pick up an ancient arrowhead. The utter coolness of the technology really comes home when you look at one of these stone tools close up, like some of the delicate points at arrowheads.com. The technique of making them is called knapping (with a silent K), and it involves striking stones with harder stones, or highly controlled pressure flaking with pieces of antler and similar materials. It takes years of practice, and you cut your hands a lot until you become an expert. The type of stone used is typically chert. Chert is a form of quartz with an exceedingly fine grain. Different types are called flint, agate, and chalcedony. A similar rock, obsidian, forms from high-silica lava and is the best knapping stone of all. These stone tools—points, blades, scrapers, axes and more—are often the only evidence we have from archaeological sites. They are cultural fossils, and like true fossils, they have been collected and classified for many years around the world. Modern geochemical techniques like neutron activation analysis, coupled with growing databases  of the sources of toolmaking stone, are allowing us to trace the movements of prehistoric peoples and the patterns of trade among them. Stone Tools Today Another thing that makes me light up is knowing that this technology is being revived and preserved by a bunch of fanatic knappers. Theyll show you how at a local knap-in, theyll sell you videotapes and books, and of course theyll put their passion on the web. The best knapping websites, I think, are Knappers Anonymous and flintknapping.com, but if you want to follow the arrowhead trail to the scientific end of things, start with the lithics page from Kris Hirst, the About Archaeology Guide. The knapper/artist Errett Callahan has devoted his career to reproducing all the ancient tools, then moving beyond them. He and other practitioners have brought this technology into what he calls the Post-Neolithic period. His fantasy knives will make your jaws drop. PS: Obsidian scalpels are the sharpest in the world, and plastic surgeons rely on them more and more for operations where scarring must be minimized. Truly, the stone edge is here to stay.

How to Make a Bubble Rainbow - Science Project

Use household materials to make a bubble rainbow. This is a safe, easy, and fun project that explores how bubbles and colors work. Bubble Rainbow Materials a sockliquid dishwashing soapplastic bottlefood coloring You can probably use a bubble solution for this project, but I got much better bubbles using the dishwashing liquid. Any soft drink or water bottle will do, but firm bottles are easier to use than thinner, flimsy ones. Make a Homemade Bubble Snake Wand Youre going to make a fat snake of bubbles. Its actually a great project even without the coloring. Heres what you do: Cut the bottom off of the plastic bottle. If this is a project for kids, leave this part to an adult.Slip a sock over the cut end of the bottle. If you like, you can secure it with a rubber band or ponytail holder. Otherwise, a small sock fits just fine or you can hold the sock over the bottle manually.Squirt dishwashing liquid into a bowl or plate. Mix in a little water to thin it out a bit.Dip the sock end of the bottle into the dishwashing solution.Blow through the mouth of the bottle to make a bubble snake. Cool, right?To make a rainbow, stripe the sock with food coloring. You can make any colors you like. Rainbow colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. For most food coloring kits, this would be red, red plus yellow, yellow, green, blue, and blue plus red. Apply more coloring for a more intense rainbow or to recharge the sock if you need more bubble solution.Rinse yourself with water when youre done. The food coloring will stain fingers, clothes, etc., so its a messy project. This is best done outdoors while wearing old clothes. You can rinse your homemade bubble wand and let it air dry if you wish to use it again.

The 3d Seismic Survey Of East Godavari Mangrove Area

The 3D seismic survey in East Godavari mangrove area has short-term effects on the environment. The surveyed area includes the main six reserved mangrove patches in East coast of India and the process of lying of geophones cables and shoot hole drilling for 3D seismic exploration may lead to the destruction of habitat through clearing the vegetation. Primary sources of disturbances associated with exploration include equipment transportation inside the mangrove, vehicle traffic, shot hole drilling activities, and underground blasting. Seismic exploration survey has the potential to affect wildlife either by increasing noise and human activity around them, or seismic shooting process. The seismic activities can even lead to long-term habitat alteration. Though the exploration activities is often a short term process, extending over a few months, the footprint of exploration activities especially in the high wildlife sensitive area can be quite large (Jorgenson et al. 2010). Seismic ex ploration can alter plant community structure, directly affecting fauna of that area on a long-term basis (Jorgenson et al. 2010). There is evidence to suggest wildlife may react to seismic activity with elevated metabolic rates (Bradshaw et al. 1998), and the cumulative effects of repeated disturbance of individuals may affect population reproductive rates if exploration is widespread (Bradshaw et al. 1998). Extensive studies are conduced to estimate the impact of seismic activities on marine

Self managed teams Free Essays

A self-managed team is a group of employees that’s responsible and accountable for all or most aspects of producing a product or delivering a service. Self-managing work team effectiveness Is defined as both high performance and employee quality of work life Traditional organizational structures assign tasks to employees depending on their specialist skills or the functional department within which they work. To get work done, many companies organize employees into self-managing teams that are basically left to run themselves with some guidance from an external leader. We will write a custom essay sample on Self managed teams or any similar topic only for you Order Now At Digital, Ayr, management had to learn to step back and let the groups reach their own declslons and In so doing time taken to actually management the organization was Increased. Although a lot of consideration was given to the transltlon it contributed to the success of the approach. Self-managed teams have greater ownership of the tasks they perform and the end product or service they deliver. Self-managed teams tend to be less costly and more productive than employees working within a traditional hierarchical structure because the team performs both technical and management tasks. Team members may also flll In for each other to cover holidays and absences. Decisions made by self-managed teams are more effective because they’re made by the people who know most about the job. A sector in Trinidad and Tobago where self-managed teams can be seen quite often is in the Public Service. Employees in various departments’ namely human resources and finance are generally self-managed teams. Employees generally plan and schedule the workflow and manage annual leave and absence, in addition to minor technical tasks. Management and technical responslbllltles are typically rotated among the eam members as career advancement In the clerical stream usually allows for this. Although these teams may be seen as a cohesive self-managed team where there is a sense of trust and respect between team members, in the public service you find overly cohesive teams which leads to â€Å"groupthink†: You usually find team members most if the times conforming with team norms than raise issues that may upset other team members. This leads to reduced effort or stifled innovation. Teams may struggle to make the transition from supervisor-led management to self-management, either ue to lack of Interpersonal skills or poor Implementation of the self-managed team concept within the service. The concept of using groups of cross-functional employees in modern business in the form of a team has been around in the United States for quite some time now. Self-directed teams have been used in Great Britain and Sweden since the 1950’s. What both regions have realised or learnt is that particular attention must be placed on development of the teams. Development Is an Important component of self-management. That Includes tralnlng In decision- aking, problem solving, communication and team-building. Team-building efforts and programs, which take time, energy, and patience, are an essential component of a successful self-managed team. As it relates to how they manage and carry out their tasks self-managed teams are autonomous, although they still require guidance from leaders within the organizational hierarchy. The essential challenge for any team Is to balance empowerment with accountablllty. It must report to that hierarchy Important to note is that using a self-managed team is no solution, nor should it be mbraced as a belief. How to cite Self managed teams, Papers

Probation and Parole free essay sample

Criminal justice in America is divided between federal and state governments, and at each level power is diffused further, shared by three branches-executives, legislative, judicial- in a system referred to as the â€Å"separation of powers. † In each state, authority is shared by government at the municipal, county, and state levels. Although the operations of criminal justice agencies lack any significant level of coordination, each affects the others. A disproportionate share of the criminal justice goes to the police. Law reflects the need to protect the person, the property, and norms of those who have the power to enact law. Probations and parole are linked to particular segments of the criminal justice system and a system of laws most frequently invoked against a distinct type of offender: the poor. Probationers or parolees who are not arrested may have been rehabilitated, or they may be more successful at avoiding detection. The bible-based practice of placing an offender who was unable to pay compensation in involuntary servitude for no more than six years can be seen as a precursor to the concept of probation. We will write a custom essay sample on Probation and Parole or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Classicalism challenged disparate justice by emphasizing equality founded on a social contract. The classical concept of free will is the basis for the concept of mens rea in the contemporary justice system. The classical view provides the basis for determinate sentences. Free will is an oversimplification because one’s position in socity determines the degree of choice with respect to comminting crimes. Neoclassicalism maintains a basic believe in free will while paving the way for the entry of mitigation and aggravation into criminal justice. Punishment can be justified only if crime is freely chosen, intentional, and rational, that is, reasoned behavior. That contrast with positivism and determinism-the criminal could not do otherwise. Guit of a criminal defendant must be established beyond a reasonable doubt, as opposed to the preponderance of the evidence, which is the standard in some juvenile cases and probation and parole revocation hearings. After a finding or plea of guilty, a probation officer will search court records; examine of the reports, such as psychiatric and school records; and interview the defendant, spouse, employer, arresting officer, and victim in order to prepare a presentence report that frequently contains the probation officer’s sentencing recommendation. The extensive use of probation and parole is not based on some â€Å"liberal do-gooder† notions, but on the reality imposed by economics-the cost of imprisonment. A probation agency provides three basic services to the courts: supervision of adult offenders, presentence reports, and juvenile services. The term probation was applied by John Augustus to the practice of bailing offenders out of court, followed by a period of supervised living in the community. The spread of probation was accelerated by the juvenile court movement, which started in 1899 in Chicago and developed rapidly. Many early probation officers where volunteers or worked part-time. Probation is administered by more than 2000 separate agencies usually located in the executive branch of state government where it is typically combined with parole. In the larger states, it is usually administered at the county level. Probation at the state level promotes uniformity; at the county level, diversity. A crime such as murder, kidnapping, and rape usually precludes a sentence of probation, as do second or third felony convictions. A judge considering a sentence of probation considers the quality of service provided by a probation agency. Through a probation subsidy, the state reimburses the county for offenders placed on probation instead of being sentenced to a state prison. Conditions of probation in different probation agencies typically exhort the probationer to live a law abiding life, work, and support dependents. The court can impose any conditions of probation that are reasonably related to the rehabilitation of the offender or the protection of the community. Probationers have a diminished expectation of privacy. Restitution and community service are popular conditions of probation. Pretrial release is an effort to reduce jail overcrowding. Some pretrial release programs provide for supervision. PTR programs frequently use prediction scales to determine eligibility. Pretrial diversion programs aim to remove the defendant from the criminal justice system without the need for prosecution. The primary purpose of a presentence investigation is to provide the judge with relevant sentencing information. The PSI often contains a victim impact statement. Information in PSI is derived from interviews, records, and reports. Probation officers need to understand terms used by police agencies as well as medical and psychological terminology. For misdemeanors and less serious felonies, the Psi is often short form. The use of sentencing guidelines is an attempt to limit judicial discretion and reduce sentence disparity. Because judges tend to follow the probation officer’s recommendation, the psi has been criticized for providing too much power to the probation officer.

CSL Versus Macquarie Group

Question: Discuss about the CSL Versus Macquarie Group. Answer: Introduction In this report, the researcher analyses and compares the two companies. CSL is an Australian blood and serum product company where as MACQUARIE group is an investment banking group of Australia (Boyle, 2014). CSL is a bio therapeutics company that helps in developing and delivering innovative biotherapies in order to save lives of human beings (Tan, 2015). MACQUARIE group is one of the leading suppliers of financial and investment and funds. The various operations combined with effective central position have effectively helped the company in achieving profitability. The various operations combined with an effective central position have effectively helps the company in achieving profitability. The CSL Company is meeting its objectives by providing best services to the people. In this report, the researcher compares and contrasts the two companies with respect to their mission and vision, values, objectives, goals and corporate social responsibility of the organization. The stakehold ers of the two companies are also compared by the researcher. Vision and Mission Comparison and contrast between values and mission of CSL and MACQUARIE Group The main mission of MACQUARIE group is to realize the opportunity in order to provide benefits to its clients, stakeholders or staffs whereas the mission of the CSL is to develop and deliver innovative biotherapies in order to save lives of human beings. The main difference between the mission of CSL and MACQUARIE group is that, CSL saves lives of people by innovating biotherapies whereas the MACQUARIE group provides benefits to its clients by realizing opportunities. The visions of the two companies are also different. CSL works in order to fulfill the needs of the people by providing best services to the people who are suffering from life-threatening diseases. MACQUARIE Group on the other hand, operates effectively in order to meet the expectation of its staff and for developing its financial growth (Maitland, 2013). The vision of CSL includes customer focus, innovation, and commitment. The company is very much passionate about the service it provides to the customers. The company fulfills the needs of the people by addressing life-threatening diseases (Csl.com.au, 2016).It conducts various medical researchers in order to support patients and for spreading awareness about the educational program among people. The main dedication of the company is to research on the plasma protein that helps in maintaining a robust product pipeline. The vision of MACQUARIE Group is based on the principles of opportunity (Macquarie.com, 2016). The company operates with integrity within a strong and effective management framework. The long-term principles used by the company are based on the expectation of its staff. Values of the organizations Comparison and contrast on the values of CSL and MACQUARIE Group The main aspiration of MACQUARIE Group is to be a pre-eminent supplier of financial services (Maitland, 2013). The culture of the company is presented by the way they work and act together. The values of the company include integrity, commitment of the client, teamwork, fulfillment the needs of the people, striving towards profitability and highest standards. On the other hand, values of CSL create and set a foundation in order to work across the organization (Charlton et al., 2014). The company serves as a tool in the decision making purpose. The values of CSL include focus on the customers, integrity, innovation, collaboration and superior performance. The company is very much passionate about meeting the needs of the customers. The company always tries to provide the best service to the peoples. The values of both the company diversifies. The main values of MACQUARIE Group are to fulfill the needs of the people by achieving efficient profitability and standards whereas the CSL Company provides efficient service to its customers and the service provided by the company must be of superior quality (McCluskie et al., 2013). The company provides service to the people against life- threatening diseases irrespective of the profit gained by it. Objectives and Goals of the organizations Comparison and contrast between objectives and goals of CSL and MACQUARIE Group The objectives and goals of CSL are effective and are based on the SMART model. The SMART model of CSL include: Specific: The main objective of CSL is to develop and deliver innovative biotherapies in order to save lives of human beings. The company is very much passionate about the service it provides to its customers (Danhof, 2013). The company mainly focuses on the service in order to save lives of the people from life-threatening diseases. Measurable: The Company is meeting its objectives by providing best services to the people. In the year 2015, the company saves life of millions of people as influenza vaccine joined forces to create Seqirus (Behring, 2013). The company became leading manufacturer of US$24 billion of plasma industry. Attainable: The objectives set by the organization are attainable, and the company is achieving it by providing excellent service to its customers. Relevant: The Company has various resources in order to achieve the objectives. The resources of the company include vaccine, pharmaceuticals, plasma products that help in saving the lives of millions of people around the world (Fokkink et al., 2015). With the help of its resources, the company became the best service provider. Figure 1: SMART objectives of CSL (Source: Fokkink et al., 2015, pp.56). Time Bound: The company wants achieves its objectives when the people are struggling because of the life threating diseases. The company provides the best service in order to rescue the life of people (Hep, 2016). CSL achieves its objectives when people are in need. On the other hand, MACQUARIE Group is effectively using the SMART model in order to achieve their objectives and goals. Specific: The main objective of MACQUARIE group is to realize the opportunity in order to provide benefits to its clients, stakeholders or staffs (Kim et al., 2015)MACQUARIE Group operates properly in order to meet the expectation of its staff and for developing its financial growth. Measurable: The Company is meeting its goals and objectives by providing financial help to stakeholders, clients, etc. (Aulich, 2014). In the year 2015, the company provided 34 million dollar help to different organization of Australia in order to promote their business. Figure 2: SMART objectives of MACQUARIE (Source: Danhof, 2013, pp.67). Attainable: The objective of MACQUARIE Group is attainable as the investment group is assisting help to different stakeholders and clients of Australia. Relevant: MACQUARIE group has sufficient revenue which is used by the company as resources in order to provide financial help to different people, clients, and stakeholders. The company provides the best service in order to help people financially (Lewis, 2013). CSL achieves its objectives when people are in need. Time Bound: The Company achieves its objectives when people need financial help from the investment bank. Corporate Social Responsibility Comparison and contrast between corporate social responsibility of CSL and MACQUARIE Group The corporate social responsibility of CSR is to conduct business ethically and to contribute the social, environmental well-being of the communities. The corporate responsibility of the company includes: Developing and researching: The Company develops and improves the protein-based therapies in order to save the lives of the patients (Danhof, 2013). The therapies are of standard quality: the company maintains the quality of therapies at all stages of the product cycle in order to provide safe therapies to people. Positive Work Environment: CSL provides a positive environment for work by ensuring the safety of its employees (Behring, 2013). On the other hand, the corporate social responsibility of MACQUARIE Group includes: Financing: The Company encourages advisors to think innovatively in order to address different challenges of client and for creating new opportunities (Aulich, 2014). Asset Finance: The Company provides financial help globally, and helps is solving management, which is the main aim of the company. Capital Market and Advisory: It includes corporate finance, equity, and capital market debt and principle investment (Fokkink et al., 2015). Research: The research market of the company is on the forefront. They cover the whole world in order to insights into the issues and trends that help in driving companies and industries. Both the companies have different corporate social responsibility. MACQUARIE uses financial values that encourage the advisors to think innovatively in order to address different challenges of the client and for creating new opportunities whereas CSL develops and improves the protein-based therapies in order to save the lives of the patients (McCluskieet al., 2013). The company maintains the quality of therapies in all stages of the product cycle in order to provide safe therapies to people. Stakeholders Comparison and contrast between stakeholders of CSL and MACQUARIE Group The stakeholders of MACQUARIE group are responsible for managing the company. The objectives of the company can be achieved or affected by the stakeholders. The main aim of the stakeholders is to help people financially by increasing the growth of the company whereas the stakeholders of CSL took proper steps in helping people. They cover various operations including education for health services, information, support of patient, etc. (Lewis, 2013). The company uses different strategies in order to engage the stakeholders. The approaches used by them include meetings, surveys, visit to major suppliers, etc. Both companies namely CSL and MACQUARIE have different stakeholders as mentioned in the corporate statement. The stakeholders of CSL use different operations including education for health services and information in order to help the patient (Maitland, 2013).The MACQUARIE Group financially helps the people by spreading awareness about its investing approaches.The stakeholders help in conducting various medical researchers in order to support patients and for spreading awareness about the educational program among people. The main dedication of CSL is to research on the plasma protein that helps in maintaining a robust product pipeline. The stakeholder of MACQUARIE Group ismainly reflects the principles of opportunity (Joshi et al., 2013). The company operates with integrity within a strong and effective management framework. Conclusion It is concluded that both the companies of different organizational goals as per the SMART objectives. The CSL focuses on several approaches, which include customer focus, innovation, and commitment. The company is very much passionate about the service it provides to the customers. The MACQUARIE Group is based on the principles of opportunity. The company operates with integrity within strong and effective management framework.The values of both the company are different. The MACQUARIE Group fulfill the needs of the people by achieving efficient profitability and standards whereas The CSL Company provides efficient service to its customers and the service provided by the company must be of superior quality. The researcher observed that the objectives and goals of CSL and MACQUARIE Group are effective, as per the SMART model. The various operations combined with effective central position have effectively helps the company in achieving profitability. The CSL Company is meeting its ob jectives by providing best services to the people.The MACQUARIE have sufficient amount of money, which is used by the company as resources in order to provide financial help. In the year 2015, the company saves life of millions of people as influenza vaccine joined forces to create Seqirus. The company became leading manufacturer of US$24 billion of plasma industry as analyzed by the researcher. References Aulich, C., 2014. Airport Privatisation in Australia: A Tale of Three Cities.Applied Finance and Accounting,1(1), pp.1-11. Behring, C.S.L., 2013. 32 Grifols. Boyle, P., 2014. Australia's biggest investment bank in cluster bomb'hall of shame'.Green Left Weekly, (1035), p.3. Charlton, K., Donald, S., Ormiston, J. and Seymour, R., 2014. Impact Investments: Perspectives for Australian charitable trusts and foundations. Csl.com.au. (2016).CSL Ltd is a leader in plasma protein biotherapeutics. [online] Available at: https://www.csl.com.au/about [Accessed 2 Aug. 2016]. Danhof, M., 2013, August. Lecture 4: Pharmacology. InWORKSHOPS FR FEBRUAR JULI 2014(p. 5). Fokkink, W.J.R., Falck, D., Santbergen, T.C., Huizinga, R., Wuhrer, M. and Jacobs, B.C., 2015.Comparison of Fc N-Glycosylation of Pharmaceutical Products of Intravenous Immunoglobulin G.PloS one,10(10), p.e0139828. Hep, C., 2016.Specialty Pharma Journal.Sat,6, p.11. Hyatt, D., 2014. CSL industry site tour.Equity,28(4), p.15. Joshi, M., Cahill, D., Sidhu, J. and Kansal, M., 2013. Intellectual capital and financial performance: an evaluation of the Australian financial sector.Journal of intellectual capital,14(2), pp.264-285. Kim, H.M., OConnor, K.B. and Han, S.S., 2015. The spatial characteristics of global property investment in Seoul: A case study of the office market.Progress in Planning,97, pp.1-42. Lewis, G., 2013. Australia's regulatory panopticon.AQ-Australian Quarterly,84(4), p.26. Macquarie.com. (2016).Macquarie Group. [online] Available at: https://www.macquarie.com/in/corporate [Accessed 2 Aug. 2016]. Maitland, I., 2013. CSL Australia PTY LTD v Formosa: Jurisdiction and Duty of Care.Austl. NZ Mar. LJ,27, p.18. McCluskie, M.J., Weeratna, R.D., Evans, D.M., Makinen, S., Drane, D. and Davis, H.L., 2013. CpG ODN and ISCOMATRIX adjuvant: a synergistic adjuvant combination inducing strong T-Cell IFN-responses.BioMed research international,2013. Tan, C.S.L., 2015, January. KeepCup: A young fast growth entrepreneurial company that disrupted the take away coffee cup industry. InUnited States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship.Conference Proceedings(p. QQ1).United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship. Whitton, C., Baker, D. and Mounter, S., 2016, February. Foreign ownership in Australian agribusiness: results of a survey of firms. In2016 Conference (60th), February 2-5, 2016, Canberra, Australia(No. 235412).Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society. Wilson, G., 2014. Money for nothing.Money,19(297).

Sample Essay on How Equiano Is Able to Conjure the Horrors of Slavery

Sample Essay on How Equiano Is Able to Conjure the Horrors of SlaveryAre you planning to write a sample essay on how equiano is able to conjure the horrors of slavery? Perhaps you will write about how equiano helped liberate black slaves in the United States or in Brazil. Although writing an essay on slavery is a bit controversial, it is one topic that is controversial for many reasons.There are a lot of middle class white folks who would say that you cannot write an essay on slavery without discussing politics and black lives. If you disagree with this view, then that is fine, but I would ask you to consider something else. You should write an essay on how equiano is able to conjure the horrors of slavery.There are a lot of black folks who are very quick to point out the hypocrisy of those who would express outrage over the activities of a slave master or even slave owners themselves, but if you ask them how equiano was able to conjure the horrors of slavery, they would probably be surprised. Equiano did not work as a slave master. He did not run a plantation. He was a writer.Many white folks are quick to point out that not all black folks are loud and proud in their support of the black freedom struggle, but if you ask them how equiano was able to conjure the horrors of slavery, they will probably agree. The truth is that black folks have learned to say no to all of the injustices that have been inflicted upon them for hundreds of years.The truth is that although there are some folks who still have trouble seeing it, there are a lot of black folks who support the U.S. Constitution. They would not give up their right to free speech simply because someone thinks it might be wrong.These are important points that have not been fully explained by anyone. There is a lot more to say about the issues, but we will have to save that for another time.So, regardless of your view of free speech, we must always recognize that free speech and political correctness can do a lot more harm than good. Please consider all this.

Euthanasia Abstract free essay sample

In my research paper, I will be discussing the question: should euthanasia by legalized? I will advocate for its legalization and provide substantial evidence to support my standpoint. I will also mention at least one argument from the opposition in hopes to avoid bias. In terms of the law, euthanasia, or assisted suicide, ought to be equated with homicide. Homicide is defined by the killing of one human being by another human being, and is punishable by life in prison or the death penalty. It is considered one of the most morally reprehensible crimes a person can commit. Yet voluntary euthanasia, or assisted suicide, is only punishable by a maximum of 14 years in prison. In this paper, I will elucidate on the dissimilarity in sentencing, and my endorsement of it. Ethically, euthanasia is a different matter all together. The examination of this controversial issue has been popular in applied ethics, even more so after Jack Kevorkian and his involvement in at least 130 assisted suicides. We will write a custom essay sample on Euthanasia Abstract or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Euthanasia is defined as the termination of ill, typically terminal individuals with the intent to relieve them of their suffering. The key point I will discuss extensively is Immanuel Kant’s idea that only those ethical principles that could be accepted as a universal rule should be accepted. Basically, the idea is that giving everyone a good death through euthanasia is the only way it will be accepted universally and morally. I will also touch on human rights, a person’s ‘right’ to die; and the beneficence aspect of euthanasia that led to it being coined as a mercy killing. Euthanasia is an ideal issue to examine for my research paper. It is a controversial issue that questions how morally obligated and invested our society should be with death.

Frictional Forces are Surface dependant Essay Example

Frictional Forces are Surface dependant Essay Example Frictional Forces are Surface dependant Essay Frictional Forces are Surface dependant Essay We were given a coursework question asking us to prove that Frictional Forces are Surface dependant. We were asked to prove this. I have therefore thought of several ways to do so; I thought of throwing different objects across different surfaces. I thought of using an elastic band to throw a block of wood, 4.5cm X 4.5cm x 4.5cm, across a certain surface with a certain length; 1.25 metres. I thought of making the surface as my independent variable and the block of wood as my dependant variable. I also thought of performing the above procedure but instead of using different types of surfaces, I thought I would use several types of blocks of different material, but all of the same weight. And using the rubber band, throw it across a surface of ceramic. : I have decided to merge the two ideas, and came up with the following idea and procedure; My idea was that I could use two 5cm x 5cm x 5cm blocks, one of wood, and the second of plastic foam. I intend to try them on several different types of surface; wood, ceramic, marble, carpet (with a certain thickness which I shall state later on), and glass. All of which are 1.00metres (100cm) in length. I intend to use the surfaces as my independent variables, and the blocks as my dependant variables. I intend to prove that the type of surface, makes a lot of difference in the velocity (speed) of the block, and that due to friction and the surface, the distance covered, and the time consumed change according to the type of surface, and whether it has a high frictional surface or a low frictional surface? My procedure: I thought that I would implement my idea so as to prove the relationship between the contact surface, and the frictional force. Firstly, I would like to refer to the information that I have gathered so as to enable me to place a procedure that is correct and which I guarantee that it will provide me with some reliable results. Friction is the property that objects have which makes them resist being moved across one another. If two objects are placed one on top of the other, the top object can be lifted without any resistance except that of gravity. But if one object is pushed or pulled along the surface of the other, there is a resistance caused by friction. Friction has many important uses; it makes the wheels of a locomotive grip the rails of the track. It allows a conveyor belt to turn on the pulleys without slipping. Without friction, we would not have been able to walk on the pavement; we would have kept on slipping! Thats why it is hard to walk on ice; it produces friction that is less than the pavement, and therefore causes us our shoes to slip. Friction also has disadvantages; it produces heat which causes objects to wear; have you ever looked at the soles of shoes which you have been wearing for 2 years, and the soles of brand new shoes? Observe the difference! Several layers of your shoes soles have worn away due to the friction of the shoes on the pavement, this is why lubricating oils are used to fill in the gaps between moving machinery parts. There are three main kinds of friction: Sliding or kinetic friction; this is produced when two surfaces slide across each other, like when a book moves across a table. There is also rolling friction, which is the resistance produced when a rolling body moves over a surface. E.g.: the friction between a car tyre and the street is rolling friction. Fluid Friction/ Viscosity are the third type of friction. It is the friction between moving fluids or between a fluid and a solid. Thinner fluids have less viscosity than thicker fluids, and usually flow faster. E.G: erosion of rocks in the rivers by running water. The law of friction: The basic law of friction states that the force needed to overcome friction is proportional to the total perpendicular force pressing one surface against the other. E.g.: when the weight of a box being pulled across the floor is doubled, the force pulling the box must be doubled. The ratio between the weight being pulled/pushed, and the force required is called the coefficient of friction. The value of the C.F depends on the type of surfaces moving against each other. Friction: Friction is the resistance that a moving object meets when it is in contact with another object. It is a force that converts a moving objects kinetic energy (energy of motion) into other forms of energy, such as heat and sound. This process slows the object down. Friction can be reduced for example, by lubricating the surfaces of the two objects in contact. Friction can be useful, too. It is the force that makes a cars brakes work. E.G.: When a match is struck, friction provides the heat that causes phosphorus in the match head to ignite. Coefficient of Friction: The coefficient of static friction is a measure of how much force must be applied to an object to overcome friction and set it moving across the surface of another object. It varies for different pairs of objects. The coefficient of kinetic friction describes how much force must be applied to overcome friction between the two objects once one of them is in motion. Theory Suppose you place a book on a rough desktop. The weight of the book produces an equal and opposite reaction force; R from the surface. The force you need to apply to make the book begin to slide is independent of its area of contact with the surface but is proportional to R. The force you need to apply is related to the weight of the book (equal to R) by the coefficient of static friction, symbol ?. If you try to push the book sideways with a force that is less than ?R, it is cancelled out by a corresponding frictional force, and the book does not move. As you increase the force, the frictional force increases too. The frictional force will continue to increase as a reaction to you pushing the book until it reaches ?R, which is the limit of static friction. If you increase the force beyond this limit, the book starts to move across the surface. The value of the coefficient ? is determined by the two adjacent surfaces and is not a strict constant. Its value varies from about 0.15 to 0.6 for most dry and fairly smooth surfaces. It depends only on the nature of the two bodies, and not (as might be supposed) on the area of contact between them. In other words, if you have two equally heavy books made from an identical material, you need to push just as hard to make them move, even if one book is large and thin (has a large cover) and the other is small and fat (has a small cover). Once an object is moving steadily across a surface, its movement is opposed by a kinetic friction force. This force has a value lower than the limiting force of static friction, meaning that a greater force is needed to start an object than to keep it moving. This is described by a coefficient of kinetic friction, which is always less than the coefficient of static friction for two objects. Formula Force needed to overcome friction (Fmax) = coefficient of static friction (?) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ force keeping body at rest (R). Since both forces are measured in Newton (N), the coefficient of static friction is simply a number with no units. Example A car of mass 1,000?kg has broken down on a road made of asphalt. If the driver has lost the keys and the brakes are locked on, what force is needed to push the car? The coefficient of static friction between rubber and asphalt is 0.60, and the acceleration due to gravity, g, can be taken to be 10?m?s?2. Solution The car resists any attempt to move it due to its weight, which is equal to its mass multiplied by the gravitational acceleration g. R = m à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ g = 1,000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10 = 10,000?N Fmax?=à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½?R Fmax?=?0.60?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½?10,000?N = 6,000?N A force of 6,000?newtons (N) is needed to push the car. Therefore, with reference to the information stated above, I have planned the following procedure and equipment: Apparatus: * 1 Block of wood with measurements 4.5cm X 4.5cm X 4.5cm (volume= 4.5cm3). (dependant Variable) * 1 Block of plastic foam, 4.5cm X 4.5cm X 4.5cm (volume = 4.5cm3). (dependant Variable) * 1.00metres of: ceramic, carpet (2mm thickness), carpet (7mm thickness), marble, wood, and glass. (independent Variables) * Stopwatch. * Tape-measure. * Elastic band (which reaches a length of 85cm when stretched). * Cello-tape. * Scissors. * A marker pen. * An electronic weighing scale. Procedure: 1. I will measure the sides of the cube to ensure that it is exactly 5cm3. 2. I will then measure 100 cm of each surface, and stick the cello-tape across the length of each. 3. Using the marker pen, I will place a mark on the tape every 10cms. 4. Next, I will measure a distance of 5cm (equal to the size of the cube) from one end of the surface, and also on the side opposite to it; 5cms extra to the 100 of the surface, 15 extra on the right hand sides, and 5cm extra on the left hand side. This is the space I will place the cube in before catapulting it across the surface. 5. I will then measure the width of the tape, and stick the exact amount of the rubber band underneath it, one side of the rubber band at a distance of 10cms apart. 6. Then, using the rubber band that has been stuck to the surface, I will place the wooden block in between the rubber band, and pull the rubber band back (with the cube) to a distance of 15cm. (the 15cm I have added previously). 7. I will hold the stop watch in one hand, while holding the stretched rubber band and the wooden block in the other hand. As soon as I let go of the rubber band, I will start the stopwatch. 8. I will observe the block fly across the surface, and I will have my finger on the stop button in the watch, and thats to stop it once the block reaches the end of the surface, or if it stops in the middle of the surface. In which case I will take a reading of the distance covered and not down the time in my table. 9. I will repeat this experiment 3 times, and thats to guarantee the reliability of my results, and also to graph the average of my results which should be more accurate than just one trial. 10. I shall repeat the above procedure for the different types of surfaces and for the different cubes. * I intend to take some safety measures; I will place an extra piece of tape on top of the tape already holding the rubber-band in place, and that is to ensure that it will not fling out of place. I also intend to place two 1metre rulers on either side of the practical area, and thats to prevent the block of wood from flying off course. I also have several other rubber bands of the same thickness and length of the rubber band being used (from the same box), and thats in case the rubber band used breaks. I have also placed a piece of tape on the surface; marking the end of the 100 cm, and that is to enable me to see exactly when the block has passed the 100 cm, enabling me to stop the stop-watch in the right time, resulting in some reliable results. My theory: I believe that my plan shall be quite good and that it shall enable me to obtain sufficient results which are reliable. My theory is that the rougher the surface, the higher the friction, and consequently, the more time is consumed for the block to reach the markers. While the smoother the surface, the less the friction, and consequently, the less time is consumed. My Prediction: I predict that the marble shall prove a very good surface close to ice which will enable the block to shoot across it like a bullet fired from a gun, this is because the marble surface is quite smooth, and also quite slippery, which indicates a low level of frequency. Yet, I predict that the 7mm thick carpet and the wooden surface shall prove to have very high friction, and thus, the block shall not be able to cover the complete distance of 1.00metres on that surface, especially with the force applied. This is of course with reference to the data stated above. I have placed this plan according to a test we have previously observed regarding friction, as we have studied in class friction and its effect. This gave me the idea that I need an equal amount of force to push the block each time; and if I was to apply this force by hand, how could I guarantee that the force applied each time is equal? The test has to be fair! So I decided to follow the above procedure, using a rubber band which is stretched to a certain extent (15cm), this will guarantee that the force applied each time is equal. I have also thought of extending the length of the surfaces used to 2.0 meters, but after my preliminary test, I found that 1.00 metres are sufficient, and that they will enable me to prove my theory and prediction. I have modified my original version which I have followed in my preliminary test, and thats to guarantee the reliability of my results. MY PRELIMINARY TEST: I should have placed this test earlier, but I was unlucky enough to be unable to find a good place for it, so I thought that the best place for it would be here; at the end of my planning, and that is to link it with my observations and Obtaining. For my preliminary testing, I decided to try out a procedure which would enable me to obtain some reliable results; after deciding upon the investigation I intended to perform, I decided to use a rubber band to apply equivalent forces each time in my original investigation. I also decided to try out my preliminary using a block of wood with a volume of 4.5cm3. I decided to try my preliminary on ceramic as it was the easiest to start with; so I placed two 1 metre rulers at a distance of 10cm apart. I placed them both with their 0 ends towards my side, and the 100cm marker at the other end. I then stuck the two ends of the rubber band (25cm in length) one side at either ruler. I placed a piece of tape at the end of the surface, linking the two 100cm marks together and showing me the end of the 1 metre distance. I then measured out 15 cm from the 0cm markings, and placed a piece of tape in between the two rulers. I then placed a block of wood with volume 5cm3 in between the two arms of the rubber band, and pulled it with the rubber band to the extent of 15cm (until the marking), I then let them go, and the block of wood was catapulted towards the other end (towards the 1metre marking). I took a record of the time consumed, and found that it covered 60 cm and stopped. That took it a time of 0:32 sec. Therefore, according to this preliminary, I have decided upon using a distance of 1.0 metres; since the smoothest surface with the least friction (in my opinion) did not allow the block of wood to cover more than 60cm, I do not expect any of the other surfaces to provide a force which will be less than the force applied by the rubber-band. I have therefore drawn up the procedure stated above; this is because I believe it to be the best procedure I could follow, and implement the steps within. That is of course with reference to the safety measures I have taken, and also because I am familiar with most of the equipment, and could therefore tackle their side effects. I also hope that this procedure will enable me to gain the best results possible. The source of my idea: We have previously performed a semi-coursework which consisted of the following: we were required to prove that an object accelerates as it descends and gets closer to the ground due to the gravitational pull upon it. To do this, we were given a measuring cylinder full of 1liter of motor oil. We placed 10 markers which were equidistant (5cm3). We then dropped 10 ball bearings; one at a time. Each time, we started the stop watch as the ball started to descend, and stopped the watch at the next marker each time. E.g.: the first ball, the stop watch was stopped at the first marker. The second ball at the second marker, the third at the third markeretc. we then obtained the ball bearings by the aid of a powerful magnet, and repeated the investigation. We then averaged the time and graphed our results. Before performing the original investigation, I decided to perform a preliminary test which I have stated the results and consequences of previously. I then intended to perform the investigation, implementing the procedure I have drawn up for myself. I then found out that this procedure would not provide me with a fair test. So I decided to alter my plan slightly; instead of timing how long it took for the block to stop, I could count how long it took for the block to pass each marker (10cm). I would therefore have to decrease the amount of surfaces I intend to use to two (2). This is because I intend to make it a fair test, and also; to save me some time. Therefore, I will catapult the block 10 times, note down the time it took to reach each marker in turn. I started off by getting the tools and materials required and placing them in a small, neat pile on my work bench. In doing so, I found that the surfaces were not portable (mobile), and I would therefore have to go to each surface wherever it is. First of all, I started by cutting up 230cm of Cello-tape (aided by the 1meter ruler) and then splitting that into two equal pieces (strips); each strip with a length of 115cm. using the marker pen, I placed a mark on the tape every 10cm, (the 0 mark starts after 15cm); I intend to use only two surfaces; ceramic ; wood. This is to spare me some time to perform repeats and to compare the results using the two blocks. I will perform the experiment with the two blocks as stated in my primary plan. All that has changed is the method of recording time; instead of recording the time each block took to completely stop on each surface, I will measure the time taken for it each time to cover the distance between the markers; e.g.: in the first catapult, I shall stop the watch when the block passes the first marker indicating (10cm). In the second catapult, I will stop the watch when the block passes the 2nd marker, indicating 20cm, and so on, similar to my source of idea and procedure. I also found that the process was too time consuming, and I therefore decided to perform the investigation with only one block, the block of wood. After marking every 10cm on the tape, I decided to start with the ceramic surface, so I went to the ceramic surface and placed one of the two strips of tape along the length of one side of it. I then measured a distance of 20cm from the tape, and stuck down the second strip of tape; the two tapes are parallel with a distance of 10cm in between them. I then cut the rubber band from one side, which gave me a long strip of rubber. At the 0cm mark, I stuck one arm of the rubber; I then stuck the other arm at the opposite 0cm mark (one arm at each tape). I then placed the wooden block in the rubber bands Lap; between the two arms, and pulled them (the rubber band and the block). As soon as I let go, I pressed the start button on the watch. I then stopped the watch once the block had passed the 1st mark. I then repeated the procedure, but this time stopped the stop-watch as soon as the block passed the second marker. I kept on doing this, each time stopping the stopwatch at the next marker . After finishing doing so, I did my repeats, repeating this process all over again 3 times until I had got three readings for each marker. I then repeated the whole process, but this time, I did it with the wooden surface; I took the marked tape I had used in the previous experiment, did my measurements, and stuck everything down as I had done in the previous surface; marble. I then repeated the process as I have done in the previous surfaces. I have included below a table containing my results, and a full report regarding what actually happened: Surface: Marble WOOD Dist. Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 Average Time v =s/t Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 Average Time v =s/t (Sec.) (Sec.) (Sec.) (Sec.) V (Sec.) (Sec.) (Sec.) (Sec.) V 10 0.2 0.21 0.19 0.2 50 0.2 0.24 0.22 0.22 45 20 0.29 0.28 0.31 0.29 69 0.34 0.35 0.29 0.32 63 30 0.4 0.42 0.39 0.4 75 0.38 0.41 0.4 0.396 76 40 0.51 0.5 0.53 0.52 77 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.51 78.4 50 0.72 0.68 0.71 0.7 71 0.72 0.65 0.68 0.68 73.5 60 0.85 0.88 0.91 0.88 68 0.86 0.89 0.91 0.89 67.4 70 0.96 1.05 1.1 1.04 65 STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED 80 STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED 90 STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED 100 STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED After observing the results I have obtained and placed in the above table, and with reference to my notes and annotations which I have produced during the investigation, I found that the block of wood, would only reach a certain distance, that is of course due to the thrust (force applied), but as I have followed my initial plan step by step, altering only what I have stated previously, I could not alter anything else or make any extra modifications. I was therefore stuck with the rubber band I had started with. As is noticeable; in the first table which is for the marble, the block stopped at the marker indicating 70cm, and did not proceed. While in the second table which is for the wooden surface, the block reached the mark which indicated 60cm, and did not proceed. This I shall analyse in the following section and state the reasons for. Unfortunately, this investigation was not easy; this is mainly because not every time I let go of the rubber band did the block reach the required mark, and before stating that the block stopped, I did and re-did the experiment to ensure that the block could not indeed reach that level (mark). Sometimes I would also let go of the rubber band before starting the stop-watch. I have therefore tried my best to obtain and use the most reliable results possible. I have followed my procedure step by step, and I have also used the equipment I am most familiar with, and thats to enable me to cope with and provide the best results attainable by the aid of this equipment. I hope that these results are sufficient, and that they will enable me to prove my theory and prediction. After performing my investigational experiments, and identifying the most obvious of the information and mistakes, I intend to proceed to analyzing my results, procedure and implementation of it. Below are the graphs that I have drawn up based upon the average times, and the markings. By analysing the above graph which is the graph for the Marble surface; we can notice at a glance that there is what resembles a straight line. With reference to my physics knowledge, I know that a straight line starting from the 0, and extending at an angle of approximately 46o, indicates uniform acceleration. We also know that a line graph which starts somewhere along the Y-axis, and extends diagonally towards the X-axis resembles uniform retardation. Looking at this graph, it resembles uniform acceleration, but as it is not a V-t graph, it actually resembles uniform retardation. We gather this logically because more time is consumed by the cube, and thats for it to reach the following point. If we look at it scientifically; we could observe that the Y-axis is a time scale, and the higher up we go the more time is consumed 9on the graph), and the X-axis resembles the checkpoints or marker-points , and as we go further eastwards, we cover a greater distance, and by covering greater di stances, force wears away, and as we have started with a pushing force that unbalanced the opposing force, as the force wears off; is consumed, the forces start to balance, until the force completely wears off, and the opposing force has little resistance and is greater than the pushing force, which causes it (the block of wood) to eventually stop, leading it to a state of uniform velocity where acceleration equals Zero. This therefore causes the time consumed to increase. This is because though the acceleration has stopped and returned to a uniform state in which it equals Zero; time is still ticking away, and consequently, more time is consumed! I then studied the above graph for some time, and found that it was exactly the same as the first one. It resembles the trend of uniform acceleration in a V-T graph, but since these graphs are not V-T, and are Distance X time, the observation is different. The graph resembles a straight line, curving towards the end which indicates that the block is slowing down. This proves my theory, yet it also shows us that the speed /acceleration of the block are decreasing, which means that the opposing force seems to balance the pushing force, eventually overpowering it, causing it to slow down until it eventually stops, reaching a state of uniform velocity which is equal to zero. After analyzing the results, I found that there was a slight stability in the results obtained in the repeats. I have also noticed that the recorded times for the blocks passage by each marker or checkpoint each time. There seems to be a pattern in the graph as the results when linked with each other, provide a straight line which is quite rare to obtain. Closer analysis showed that the first graph which was for the blocks sliding across a marble surface had a line which was straight all the way to the end, while the second graph which was for the sliding of the wooden block along a wooden surface starts off straight, but towards the end, curves upwards slightly. This incline indicates a sudden change in the balancing of the forces. And since the incline is upwards, this suggests that the pushing force has been out-powered by the opposing force. I believe the situation to be so because the upwards incline suggests the increase in time consumption, which indicates that the pushing force which started off quite powerful and slightly stronger than the opposing force, enabling it to reach this point. But the force has been worn off in the long journey, and eventually, the acceleration of the block starts to decrease which indicates retardation. This retardation results in a weakening of force, which causes the pushing force to weaken, con sequently, it is over-powered by the resisting/opposing force. This proves my theory as I have theoretically stated that: The rougher the surface, the higher the friction, and consequently, the more time is consumed for the block to reach the markers. While the smoother the surface, the less the friction, and consequently, the less time is consumed. With reference to my results, we can see that on the marble surface, the block of wood reached the 70cm marker, that is, with the force that was applied. While the block of wood did not exceed the 60cmmarker on the wooden surface. This suggests that there was a greater opposing force provided by the wooden surface than that which was provided by the Marble surface. Closer studying to the surface enabled me to gather that the marble surface was indeed slightly smoother than the wooden surface. Scientifically, I would say this because the marble is one smooth surface, but the wood consists of fibres (I saw this using a magnifying glass), which cause the block to, slow down. I also thought of looking at the base of the block (I have been catapulting it on the same side), I found it was slightly darker than the other faces (of the cube) and that there were some splinters of wood sticking out of it which were not there when I started. This shows that there was indeed friction and that there certainly was some heat produced. Also, the block was made of the same kind of wood as that of the surface, which could be the cause of the great friction. Its like when we push our two hands upon each other, and try to slide one of them, its quite hard! You will eventually succeed, but by that time, you will have exerted a lot of energy, and anyway, you are applying more force every second by your muscles, and thats to complete the task. But place your two hands the same two hands!) On an icy surface; they will slide pretty easily, and you will probably find a hard time trying to stop them. This is exactly the case, the wooden block is pulled tightly towards the wooden surface by gravity, and as the two surfaces are from the same material, they will stop after a short time. This is because they are of the same material, they are pulled close together by gravity, and the force applied is not renewed. While when we placed the block of wood on the marble surface, we succeeded in making it reach a farther marker than on the wood. This is mainly because the marble surface is quite smooth, (it resembles ice in a way), and has no fragments sticking out f it (splinters), this makes a pretty slippery surface for the block of wood. I have stated previously that gravity plays an important role in this investigation; I have stated that the pull of gravity on the surface and block, cause them to stick close to each other, which plays an important role as this increases the friction, and consequently affects the terminal velocity (speed) of the block. We also know that the mass (size/weight) of the block determines the size of the gravitational pull on the block. We also know that acceleration = Force X Mass. I have therefore decided to weigh the block using an automatic scale, and found that it weighed: 50grams. I have also referred to the following Formula: F1F2 Then movement is present in the direction of F1. F1=F2, Then there is no motion/movement. In this formula, F1 indicates the force applied, the pushing force, while F2 indicates the opposing force. The above graphs are both for the velocity of the block of wood on both of the surfaces. To find the velocity, I had to refer to a formula which linked the speed with the distance and the time; Velocity = Distance / time. With reference to this formula, I managed to calculate the velocity of the block of wood on each of the surfaces. By observing the first graph, which is for the marble surface, we notice that the curve is slightly off-line, which indicates a problem with the investigation. But overall, it represents a curved line which starts at a low speed, and gradually the velocity increases, reaching its maximum as 78cm at the 4th marker (40). It then starts to slow down, but gradually. Unfortunately, I could not apply any greater pushing force on the cube so as to gain more results by it reaching the 100cm marker, because it would then have been an unfair test. We therefore notice that the graph (line) does not extend to the Zero line, which it should have done theoretically. We then observe the second (or in this case the 4th) graph, which is for the velocity of the wooden block on the wooden surface. We notice that the line (curve) is somewhat smoother than the other. If we looked at it more closely, we notice that the left side of the curve is a straight line directly from the zero, (indicated by red dotted line). The line reaches its maximum at 80cm at the 4th marker (40). This means that both the surfaces do not have any dramatic effect upon the block of wood until the 4th marker. This is of course with the exception of the maximum velocity of both surfaces which depends upon the material itself. Looking past the 4th marker, we notice that the 1st graph (3rd) starts to go off-line slightly which could be an anomaly, or could be due to one of the problems I intend to identify in my evaluation. But then, the line goes off at a straight line at an angle of approximately 195o. That is of course with reference to the theory that the line shall stay straight until it reaches the 0 line, which indicates a non-velocity state. This means that the line would probably have had to reach a 200 marker. But of course, there seems to be an anomaly as the line is not 100%straight. On the 2nd graph (4th), we notice that the line, after the 4th marker, seems to incline downwards, towards the 0 line on the X-axis, though, it is slightly steeper than the first graph, as it seems to be inclining at an angle of approx. 200o. This indicates that the marble surface is a less frictional surface in comparison with the wooden surface. I have gathered this because the line of the wooden block after the 4th marker is steeper than the line for the marble surface which is after the 4th marker. This mean that if we were to observe the graphs theoretically, we would find that the line for the marble surface would cover a greater distance, approx. 200cm (2.00m), while the steepness of the line for the wooden surface indicates that it would touch the zero line (X-axis) sooner than the line for the marble surface, I believe that the line for the wooden block will cover approx. a distance of 150cm (1.5m). With reference to the above information, I gather that the wooden block shall cover a greater distance on the marble surface than on the wooden surface, provided that the force applied is sufficient enough to enable the block of wood to cover the distance assigned. This is of course due to the high friction of the wooden surface which exceeds the frictional force of thee marble surface noticeably. With respect to the above statements, there is one contradiction; the maximum speed covered by the block on the wooden surface exceeds the maximum speed covered by the same block on the marble surface. That is by several centimetres (the unit of measuring velocity in this assignment). I have tried to find a scientific explanation for this phenomenon which outlaws any of the conclusions I have reached, but I was unsuccessful. We therefore conclude that the block of wood moved more smoothly on the marble surface. This proves my theory which stated that; the rougher the surface, the higher the friction, and consequently, the more time is consumed for the block to reach the markers. While the smoother the surface, the less the friction, and consequently, the less time is consumed. I therefore gathered that the Rougher the surface, the more the opposing force, and consequently, the more friction and heat are produced. Yet, the smoother the surface, the less the opposing force, and the less the friction and heat resulted. This also proves my prediction which was based on the information I had gathered previously and which stated: I predict that the marble shall prove a very good surface close to ice which will enable the block to shoot across it like a bullet fired from a gun, this is because the marble surface is quite smooth, and also quite slippery, which indicates a low level of frequency. Yet, I predict t hat the 7mm thick carpet and the wooden surface shall prove to have very high friction, and thus, the block shall not be able to cover the complete distance of 1.00metres on that surface, especially with the force applied. This is of course with reference to the data stated above. We also gather that friction is the property that objects have which makes them resist being moved across one another. If two objects are placed one on top of the other, the top object can be lifted without any resistance except that of gravity. But if one object is pushed or pulled along the surface of the other, there is a resistance caused by friction. With reference to the information I have gathered; the value of the C.F depends on The type of surfaces moving against each other. This relates to what I have stated previously regarding the type of surface, and for which I have provided an example using the hands. I have concluded the above after referring to detailed scientific information and also after closely analysing the results and evidence I have obtained. I therefore believe that I have done what was asked of me and that I have performed the task I was assigned and have succeeded in proving my theory, prediction and procedure to be accurate, correct, and reliable. Also by referring to the second graph which is for the wooden surface; we notice that the straight line curves towards the end (upwards), which suggests a sudden change in the balancing of the pushing and the opposing forces. Scientifically, this suggests retardation, and the curve indicates that the block suddenly started to lose the force applied to it. It started off with uniform retardation, and then suddenly started to stop several seconds faster than when it had started. This means that the wooden surface is slightly rougher than the marble surface, and that it provides friction that is slightly more (higher) than that provided by the marble surface. I believe that this is what I was asked to prove. Below is a diagram showing the forces available in this investigation: I have performed this investigation to a good standard, and believe that the results I have obtained are good enough and are sufficient as they have enabled me to prove my theory, prediction and procedure. They have also enabled me to prove what was asked of me. I wish to annotate the procedure I have followed because though I have performed it to a good standard, there are still some flaws in it and I still believe that it could be performed at a standard that would be better, well, no body is perfect. After finishing my investigations, I found that the block was slightly darker than when I started, this indicates that the surface may well not have been clean. This indicates that there were dust particles available on the surface, and as dust particles are sharp (when observed under the microscope) and have rough edges, it is therefore believed that they would cause a big difference in my results as their rough surfaces interfere with my investigation. I believe this because as the wood block is sliding across the surface, I am investigating the effect that the surface itself has on the terminal velocity of the block. With the presence of sharp-edged dust particles in the middle (between the surface and the wooden block), more friction and heat are acquired through the dust particles, which slow down the block moderately. Therefore, if I was to perform this investigation once again, I intend to guarantee the cleanliness of the surface I am working on. Another thing was the presence of wooden splinters small, but seen, on both the wooden surface, and the side of the block I was working on. These splinters most certainly would have interfered with my investigation and results. I believe this because the splinters would be between the surface and the block, causing more friction, and therefore slowing down the block, thus affecting the acceleration of this block, and giving me inaccurate results. The next time, I intend to ensure that the surface lack any external effects which might alter my investigation, for the worst. Something else was that the marble was not just one straight block which would have been quite suitable for this particular investigation. In fact, it was a working bench, and it was made up of several tiles. (The tiles had a smooth surface without any drawing or grooves on). The small cracks between each tile might well have affected the velocity of the block; causing it to slow down before reaching the desired marker. This would have given me some false results and would have caused the time consumed to be several seconds more than what it actually should have been. If I was to perform this investigation another time, I would try my best to use one whole tile of marble instead of several tiles, and this should provide me with some results which are more reliable. I was using my naked eye to stop the watch once the block passed the marker, so I could possibly have stopped the watch before the block actually passed the marker, or I could have started the watch several tierces (1 hundredth of a second) after letting go of the rubber band, which means that the timing was not 100% accurate. If I was to perform this investigation again; I would use one of the following: A) Light gates, B) Interrupt Card, C) Or a ticker timer. Any of the above methods would provide me with some reliable results which would be more accurate than the results I have obtained. By observing Graph A; the graph for the marble surface, the result for the 40cm marker is slightly of the line, but as I said previously this could well be due to the dust particles which were on the surface, or could also be due to the splinters available on the faces of the wooden block. It could also be due to my method of timing, either way, if I was to perform the investigation another time, by altering the errors I have identified previously, I look forward to some results which are anomaly-free, and that also contain no errors. By observing Graph B; the graph for the wooden surface, we notice that the straight line curves towards the end, which suggests a sudden change in the balancing of the pushing and the opposing forces. Scientifically, this suggests retardation, and the curve indicates that the block suddenly started to lose the force applied to it. It started off with uniform retardation, and then suddenly started to stop several seconds faster than when it had started. This means that the wooden surface is slightly rougher than the marble surface, and that it provides friction that is slightly more (higher) than that provided by the marble surface. I believe that this is what I was asked to prove. We also notice that there is a semi-anomaly; the result fir the 30cm is slightly out of line, it is slightly lower than where it should be, this could be due to one of the external factors that I have stated previously, or it could be due to some other factor that I have been unable to identify using the tools available to us. I have tried my best to identify the factors which could have affected my investigation and consequently, my results. That is of course with the equipment provided to us. If there are any other factors which I have failed to identify, that would be because of the tools provided to us. Though, I doubt that there are any other factors that could be identified using other apparatus. Overall, I believe that I have performed this investigation to a good standard, and that I have succeeded in proving my theory and prediction. I also believe that I have done what was asked of me, and proved that frictional forces are surface dependant. I have proved it with reference to my knowledge, to external, advanced information, and also with reference to my investigation. Though I have performed this investigation to a fairly good standard, I believe that it could be better and that by performing this investigation again after altering the errors I have stated above, I would be able to provide sufficient evidence and proof which is undoubted and accurate by 99%. I say this because no matter how hard I try, the equipment provided to us are not that advanced, and therefore, there will always be better methods with results which are more accurate than what I have obtained. I have therefore performed this investigation as best as I could, and hope that the results and information I have gathered are sufficient.

Globalization of South Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Globalization of South Africa - Essay Example In early days of 17th century, South Africa was sparsely populated. Major trade and commerce developed only after the first European settlement that took place in southern part of Africa in 1652. The objective was then to establish a supply base at the site currently known as Cape Town. South African history made major upheavals in the year 1867 when mines of diamonds were discovered near and around Kimberley and Cape Town. Economic activities got further intensified when worlds largest deposit of gold was discovered in the year 1886. South Africas first integration to global economy was seen through its exports of diamonds and gold. At the same time, the country imported variety of agricultural products. Mining industry continued to expand with increasing gold and diamond exports from the shore of South Africa. The wealth so generated was used to import consumer goods from Europe. This can be seen as South Africas first integration to global economy that continued until at least Wor ld War I (South Africa, 1996)) After 1920, the government started imposing tariffs to safeguard local manufacturers. By 1930s, most of the manufacturing activities came under the fold of state-owned enterprises keeping blacks outside the main economy. World War II saw new growth in manufacturing activities with the government increasing its control on industries. With the onset of great depression in 1930s, South Africa also suffered heavily due to economic down cycle. The government had already started its efforts in 1920s to consolidate state-owned enterprises with the objective to provide impetus to import-substitution industries. The Electricity Supply Commission (Eskom) and the South African Iron and Steel Corporation (Iscor) were founded in 1920s to spearhead domestic industries. The Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) came into operation in 1940. The IDC became instrumental to promote other