A Brief Analysis of Kafka’s The Trial

On his thirtieth birthday, Joseph K. is arrested even though he has done nothing wrong. Naturally Joseph K. is angry and annoyed. On the day of his thirty-first birthday, Joseph K. is taken to a nearby quarry by the warders and killed. Joseph K. does nothing to stop them from killing him. The Trial is the story of the intervening year between Joseph K.'s two birthdays. This novel treats many subjects, but this paper will examine only three: the mystery of the bureaucracy in the novel, sexuality during the process, and the economic and social point of view of The Trial.The bureaucracy in The Trial is large, impersonal and frightening. Prior to the beginning of the book Joseph K. is a successful businessman working in a bank apparently on the fast track for advancement and even greater success. After his arrest he and his life decline until his execution. Although Joseph K. â€Å"is accused of crimes he did not commit . . . [he] still feels guilty about these unnamed offenses† ( Meyers, 329). This guilt plays an important role throughout the novel. Joseph K. is mentally and emotionally paralyzed by his guilt of having been accused of the unknown crime.As Boa writes, the experience of being arrested has taken Joseph K. out of his comfort zone and he is unable to operate; he doesn't know what to do. â€Å"What is the nature of the court, what is the law, what should the individual on trial do?† (1). The paralysis Joseph K. suffers appears to be psychological rather than due to a physical threat. The parable told to Joseph K. by the priest provides an accurate description of the state Joseph K. is in. In the parable a man from the country comes to have access to the law however the doorkeeper will not admit the man.The doorkeeper steps aside from the doorway and offers no physical resistance, but the man is paralyzed by what might be done by the institution. â€Å"‘If you are so strongly tempted, try to get in without my permission. But note that I am powerful. And I am only the lowest doorkeeper. From hall to hall, keepers stand at every door, one more powerful than the other . . .'† (Kafka, 267-8). Rather than confront these possibilities the man sits on a stool by the door and waits. This is precisely what Joseph K. does. He tacitly accepts the non-accusation of the court and submits to its jurisdiction. One cannot help but feel that if he were refuse to comply with the court that he would be free to continue living his life. The mystery of the bureaucracy of the court appears to be a psychological threat of the unknown combined with a man's natural inclination to obey the institutions that govern the locality where he lives.The second area this paper will address is sexuality during the process. During the year of the trial, Joseph K. has a brief flirtation with Fraulein Brustner but she later refuses his advances. It is interesting that â€Å"Brustner† is very close to the German word â€Å"brusten† meaning breast. The desire to dominate a woman has considerable Freudian implications that suggest that Kafka was greatly influenced by his mother, the source of his life and breastfeeding, and not always in a positive manner.During this encounter Joseph K. kisses her â€Å"all over the face, like some animal lapping greedily at a spring of long-sought fresh water† (Kafka, 38). This is an interesting foreshadowing of his execution where he dies â€Å"[l]ike a dog† (Kafka, 286). After kissing her Joseph K. returns home, â€Å"[h]e fell asleep almost at once, but before doing so he thought for a little about his behavior, he was pleased with it, yet surprised that he was not still more pleased† (38).This appears to be an example where a man dominates a woman to get his will without regard to her desire. This strength is uncharacteristic of Joseph K. particularly in regard to the affair he has with Leni, Huld's nurse. Leni appears to like men who are vulnerable. S he has considerable control over her employer who must accept her care because of his heart condition and because she is unaccountable attracted to Joseph K. who is vulnerable because of the accusation against him.From an economic and social point of view The Trial is particularly interesting. The Trial â€Å"moves beyond the household to explore the interlocking of social power and psychic structure in urban society at large† (Boa, 133). Adler suggests that Kafka is writing about â€Å"[t]wo defining factors stand out in this period.Firstly, the conflict between Czech, German and Jewish traditions; and secondly, the struggle between Prague's history and modernisation [sic]† Kafka appears to have had trouble reconciling these three worlds in his own life and feels he is unable to successfully struggle against the enormous, looming presence of the government and his religious background. It is interesting that Joseph K. actually has considerable impact, although it appe ars is unaware of it.In fact, the Court even follows his requests and confirms his assumptions. Although K. tells himself what time he should arrive for his first interrogation, this turns out to be the same hour mentioned by the Examining Magistrate. K. decides that he will attend only one interrogation, instead of the series of short interrogations planned by the Court, and the Court complies K. accuses the warders, and the Court promptly punishes them . . . . (Lasine, 34).It is this lack of awareness of the capabilities that Kafka seems to warning the reader about. The Trial is not to be viewed as a plan or even a call to change society, but an examination of authority intended to help people think for themselves about the issues in the book (Boa, 186).The Trial is a haunting frightening book in the same genre as the later books Orwell's 1984 and Huxley's Brave New World. However, it is more subtle and thought provoking. Given the multi-leveled layers of bureaucracy both governme ntal and in business one wonders if The Trial is not more relevant today that when it was written near the beginning of World War I. Given the excess of administrative law with its great power that is not subject to many of the protections of due process, it is easy to empathize with Joseph K.Works CitedAdler, Jeremy. â€Å"What Was Lost? The Czech Jewish Community.† European Judaism. 38, 2 (2005) 70+. Boa, Elizabeth. Kafka: Gender, Class, and Race in the Letters and Fictions. Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1996. Kafka, Franz. The Trial. Alfred A. Knopf: New York, 1957. Lasine, Stuart. â€Å"Kafka's Trial.† The Explicator. 42, 3 (1985): 34. Meyers, Jeffrey. â€Å"Swift and Kafka.† Papers on Language & Literature. 40, 3 (2004): 329.

Cycle of Life and Death Essay

â€Å"Nothing endures but change† (Heraclitus 540-480BC). People are born, only to die again. In a never-ending cycle of life and death, new ideas replace older ones and an evolution of perspectives takes place. Paulle Marshall aptly portrays this cyclical nature through her last line â€Å"she died and I lived† referring to her grandmother. The death is not physical alone. It is the death of old ideologies, dated traditions and disparate acceptance of modernization. In a vivid recollection of her grandmother Da-Duh’s reluctance to accept change during Paulle’s childhood visit, she narrates how the old lady loathes urbanity and finds delectation in her little island of natural beauty. The interactions that the narrator has with her grandmother remind us of the passage of time between generations. The demise of Da-Duh signifies the change that is inevitable, the transition from the old to the new. Symbolism Paulle Marshall’s work is replete with a richness of literary devices like symbolism, imagery and metaphors. Describing the foreboding character of death, the narrator feels that the planes that bring death to the little village are â€Å"swooping and screaming†¦monstrous birds†. The sugarcanes that grow in the village are Da-Duh’s delight and also the reason for the exploitation in the village. The pride of Da-Duh, the sugarcanes appear threatening to the narrator she feels that the canes are â€Å"clashing like swords above my cowering head†. This is a description of the duality of life. Where there is joy, there is pain and when there is life, death is bound to follow. Cycle of Life and Death 2 Imagery The life-death antithesis is depicted in the closing lines of the book where the narrator paints â€Å"seas of sugar-cane and huge swirling Van Gogh suns and palm trees [in] a tropical landscape . . . while the thunderous tread of the machines downstairs jarred the floor beneath my easel. ’’ Light is identified by the surrounding darkness and life, by death that eventually follows. The transient nature of life is evidenced by the changes that happen over a period of time. Death’s morbidity invades the colorful mind. The narrator imbues the reader’s mind with images that allude to this dark reality. â€Å"All these trees†¦. Well, they’d be bare. No leaves, no fruit, nothing. They’d be covered in snow. You see your canes. They’d be buried under tons of snow. † Metaphor With a judicious use of metaphors, the narrator has drawn us to the reality of inevitable changes that our lives are subject to. Again, the sugarcanes are metaphorically perceived as the ominous danger that â€Å"†¦ would close in on us and run us through with their stiletto blades. † Later, the planes that cause the death of her grandmother are visualized by the narrator as â€Å"the hardback beetles which hurled themselves with suicidal force against the walls of the house at night. † She points at our dogmatism in accepting the fact that the world is constantly changing. Those who fail to see this at first, experience it the hard way later. Conclusion However prejudiced we might be, towards change, the hard-hitting reality of a life-death cycle is inevitable. Time stands testimony to this fact. Paulle Marshall has Cycle of Life and Death 3 illustrated this through the depiction of conflicting ideas between her and Da-Duh and she conveys this message at the start when she writes, â€Å"both knew, at a level beyond words, that I had come into the world not only to love her and to continue her line but to take her very life in order that I might live. References Marshall, Paulle (1967). To Da-Duh, in Memoriam Rena Korb, Critical Essay on â€Å"To Da-duh, in Memoriam,† in Short Stories for Students, The Gale Group, 2002. Martin Japtok, â€Å"Sugarcane as History in Paule Marshall’s ‘To Da-Duh, in Memoriam,†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ in African American Review, Vol. 34, No. 3, Fall 2000, pp. 475-82.

Community Teaching Essay

Health promotion is very important in today’s society. There are many things people can do in order to maintain good health, yet most are uninformed about this. Obesity is one of the leading health concerns in America and must be dealt with immediately. It is because of this that a student has decided to teach a fifth grade class with twenty three students about what obesity is, what problems it causes, and how it can be avoided. The teacher uses visual aids, games, trivia, and much more in order to get the students more interested in what they are going to learn. The teacher informs the students about how important it is to make healthy eating choices by using the food pyramid as a guideline. Students are also informed that exercise is key to living a healthy lifestyle. The teacher begins the class by playing a quick game. The teacher then asks the students to each take out a piece of paper and write down as many fruits and vegetables as they can. The students are told that the person who has thought of the most fruits and vegetables will win a prize. When finished with the game, the teacher will then introduce the topic of obesity to the children and the importance of preventing it by eating healthy foods. Students are told that â€Å"obesity is defined as having an excessive amount of body fat. Obesity is more than just about looks. It increases your risk of diseases and health problems such as heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure† (J.Crawford,2014). The teacher then tells the students that in the past ten years, obesity in children in the U.S has gone from 7-18 percent (CDC,2012). The main portion of this lesson revolves around the food pyramid. The food pyramid consists of 6 essential healthy food groups: Grains/rice, fruits, vegetables, dairy, meat/fish/poultry, fats/oils/sweets. The food pyramid acts as a guideline by showing students the necessary servings of each food group in order to stay healthy. It is essential for students to understand the food pyramid because it is a roadmap to healthy living. The students were not only taught about healthy eating, but also other ways to ensure that they maintain their health. One thing they were taught is the importance of being active daily. Students can do things such as playing sports, running, or bike riding in order to stay healthy and have fun doing it. It was said that rather than avoiding all types of junk food, it is better to simply eat it in moderation. The end of the lesson consisted  of trivia questions that the children answer in order to win a prize. By teaching the students this information, the teacher can ensure that they will live a better life. The epidemiological rationale for this topic is very serious. Childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years (CDC,2014). The percentage of children age 6-11 years in the U.S. who were obese increase from 7% in 1980 to nearly 18% in 2012. Rate of obese adolescents ages 12-19 years increase from 5% to nearly 21% over the same period (CDC,2014). Obese adolescents are more likely to have pre-diabetes. Children and adolescents who are obese are at greater risk for coronary heart disease, bone and joint problems, sleep apnea, social and psychological problems such as poor self esteem. â€Å"Reducing childhood obesity is a public health priority that has substantial health and economic benefits†(Maurer, Frances, C. Smith, 2013.) The teacher claims that the overall teaching experience was quite enjoyable. It is extremely beneficial to be able to teach young children about topics that they are not well informed about. By teaching children about such serious health hazards at a young age, it is more likely that they will strive to take the necessary measures in order to avoid these hazards. The teaching experience allowed the teacher to see how much children knew about health promotion as well as what they wanted to know. The teacher learned how to make different topics easily understandable for children and as well as making the entire learning process fun and enjoyable. This experience helped the teacher realize that even by teaching a small group of children from one school, it is possible to make a difference in the health and wellbeing of America’s children. The community responded rather positively to the teaching. The students were excited to learn about new health promotion tips through a series of games and activities. The children were shocked to see how serious obesity really is as well as how many children it has affected throughout the country. Before this lesson, the children believed that eating healthy meant cutting out all types of sweets and sugary drinks completely. The children were elated to hear that they can be healthier while still enjoying some of their favorite desserts. Kids  react positively to games and rewards because it makes learning more fun. By getting the kids’ attention, the teacher ensures that they are listening and paying close attention to everything that the teacher has to say. After learning about obesity and the many negative affects that come from it, the children promised to change their eating habits as well as be more active in order to make sure that they stay fit throughout their lives. The children agreed to eat more fruits and vegetables and to play outside much more. The children have promised to limit the amount of time they watch television and play on the computer and replace it with riding their bikes or going to the park. This teaching process has taught the teacher about not only her strengths, but her weakness’ as well. The teacher is easily able to relay information in simple terms so that the children can understand as well do things such as creating games and trivia in order to make the lesson more exciting. Some weakness’s or improvements that the teacher can make includes being able to connect with the students on a closer level in order to truly help them understand the topic as well as finding new and creative ways to reward the kids when they answer questions correctly. At the end of the lesson, the students were asked to take a short survey regarding how well the teacher taught the lesson as well as how much the kids enjoyed it. Though the teacher received high scores from each child, she knows that there is still room for improvement and is determined to make these changes for the next teaching session that may occur.

The Music Industry Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Music Industry - Term Paper Example Before the internet had arrived, the distribution of music was done through a few standards. These included CDs in the 1980s and the 1990s and before that, tapes formed one of the important mediums for the transmission of music to the final listener. All these standards had one feature in common. These mediums were traceable, secure and physical. Music theft and infringement was not common. Proper proceeds were given to the recording company, and henceforth to the artist. However, the sprawl of the internet led to websites, which started offering free music, which was available for download for everyone (Burgelman, Year). In this regard, the music industry started losing quite a lot in revenues. Some worrisome statistics will properly paint a picture of the loss of the music industry, because of an increase in digital media. Since peer-to peer, networking sites have evolved, around 47 percent of the music sales in the United States have dropped. Moreover, internet users consume aroun d $7 billion to $20 billion of the music, which is completely pirated, and the proceeds do not reach the right owner of the music. Around 30 billion songs illegally downloaded on the internet, through different websites in a span of five years (RIAA, n.d). ... Lastly, it tries to explain solutions to this problem in this dynamic and globalized world, where information is shared in nano-seconds. Concerning the legal issues involved in the music industry, it is important to discuss the matter of copyrights initially. Copyrighting is a way of providing legal protection, given to different forms of art, especially musical compositions such as lyrics, records and songs. In the music industry, the issue of copyrighting includes protecting the music itself (which includes lyrics and a melody) and the recording (such as mp3s, CDs, cassettes, DAT and other form of recording). If the music is recorded on a tangible medium, the creator has copyright protection. It is more prudent to register with the Copyright office, to gain maximum protection (Lawyers for the Creative Art, n.d). In this regard, distribution of music on the internet, without obtaining the permission from the original owner becomes a copyright infringement. The United States Copyrigh t Act states that the protection of a musical recording applies to sound recording. The reproduction of a particular sound recording forms the exclusive right of the Copyright owner. Infringement occurs when another party reproduces the musical recordings, without the permission of Copyright owner. Much of the music on the internet is obtained and transmitted without this permission. Therefore, it becomes illegal. However, not all the websites on the internet transmit the music illegally. These websites include iTunes, Rhapsody, MusicNet, and Liquid Digital Media among others. When an individual downloads music off this website, he or she has to pay a certain amount to the website (Bass, n.d). The mp3 technology or the

Facilities Management - Good Business Turns Risk into Opportunity Case Study

Facilities Management - Good Business Turns Risk into Opportunity - Case Study Example The competition in the market place is such that ill-conceived facilities can render any business a non-starter. In particular, waste management of Fitness First Gym Center, if not properly exercised, could spell trouble for the gym if not quickly set right. The waste management in Fitness First Gym Center includes internal and external factors. The internal factors have bearing on the management of space, exercise equipment, number of trainees and their instructors and the management of time that goes along with the utility of space and equipment. The external factors are those that influence the output of the gym without which it cannot provide integral services like the panel of consultant doctors and contract services for the maintenance of the equipment (Facilities Management Introduction).   Combining the internal and external sources, the gym must actualize its space usage with the strength of its members. Vigilant management will ensure that members using their premises and equipment do so regularly, keep tabs on non-regular members for follow up, and reduce the impact of non-regulars on their space and equipment. It is difficult to bring waste management to zero. It can tolerate waste management of say, five percent. Occasionally, it can even take waste management of ten percent. Anything more than ten percent must be swiftly dealt with a policy of encouragement for better attendance. Ultimately, the system must aim for zero waste management. Waste management for the gym is extremely precarious and must be framed with enough sensitivity to allow members to understand the gym’s stand.  Ã‚  

Corporate Social responsibility assignment Essay

Corporate Social responsibility assignment - Essay Example Triple Bottom Line Triple bottom line is a system that operates to ensure that corporate social responsibility is seen as a formal and an essential aspect of business entities. This is because it formalises the process of corporate social responsibilities and ensures that social responsibilities is included in an organisation at the strategic level. Triple bottom line is â€Å"... the necessity for a corporation to disclose information about its social and environmental performance in growing† (Sridhar and Jones, 2013 p92). This is because triple bottom line creates a situation where the environmental and social aspects of a business is carried out in a way that is appropriate and leads to the best interest for all entities. And more importantly, environmental and social matters are audited and accounted for through the triple bottom line system. This is because it integrates these two aspects into the business and the firm will not have to only care about profitability and ma king money for the shareholders but also, other stakeholders and provide valid evidence of how they are seeking and working towards the attainment of stakeholder interests. Triple bottom line involves the identification of sustainable corporate performance by integrating systems to attain and account for three aspects of a business: 1. Financial 2. Social and 3. Environmental (Fauzi et al, 2010). This is because triple bottom line provides a system to get an organisation to look beyond just financial reporting and financial targets. This is because it integrates the elements of sustainability into corporate reporting. In order to attain the standards of triple bottom line, a firm would have to set up a system for corporate financial, social and environmental strategy and reports (Jamali, 2006). This will ensure that an organisation will be able to integrate other important pointers of corporate social responsibility and report it and monitor it for a year-on-year improvement. Carol and Buchholtz (2012) identify that triple bottom line is a requirement for corporate control and corporate governance that focuses on stakeholders and other entities. This is because it involves setting goals in areas and aspects that affects other stakeholders and make it imperative for corporate entities to work towards the attainment of results over a broader scope than the traditional method. In the opening discussions of Carol and Buchholtz, they spell out that from the period of modern business after the Industrial Revolution in the early 1800s, firms and businesses focused excessively on the profit motive and sought to provide the best interests of the owners of the business only (2012). However, the growth of the Post-Second World War global order has sought to preserve the rights of individuals and other third parties and prevent the attainment of profits at the expense of other people who are connected to or affected by the business. Hence, the triple bottom line approach integrates the needs of stakeholders by ensuring that the needs of the society and the wider environment is integrated into the organisation and the organisation must demonstrate a strong tendency to protect the wider environment through sustainable practices and targets and also protect the environment. This is meant to promote the needs and expectations of other stakeholders, not just shareholders. Jackson et al

Mental Health Settings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mental Health Settings - Essay Example The quality of care management that a person with depression receives depends entirely on the policies and practices of the managing care individuals and organizations. Case management is integral responsibility of monitoring and active follow up of the condition of the patient. Case management also involves processes such as continual provision of care, systematic assessment, improved education and holistic approaches that can create awareness of the impacts of co-morbidity (Lockwood, & Michele, 1999). Subjects who are enrolled in impatient units are assigned to various treatment conditions. This includes brokers case management where the client’s needs are assessed and the health is monitored. Services are provided by multiple providers. Another case of management is assertive community treatment where the client is provided with comprehensive services for unlimited period. Lastly is assertive community treatment which supported by community workers (Cumming, 2005). Community nurses offers primary care to patients. They are involved in planning evidenced-based care and interventions of the personal decisions of the patient. Some of the interventions that primary care nurses make are development of the care pathway, assessment of the patients, assessing of risks and management of risk. All these practices are aimed at normalizing of the mental health problems. Nurses have the responsibility of monitoring and following the condition of the patient very actively. It includes systematic and accurate assessments of needs of the patient and provision of continued care to the patient. They assess the patient to understand what he or she requires in relation to care nursing. There are regular contact nurses in the community based treatment who are supposed to contact the patients regularly. As a person with severe depression, I expect the regular nurse to liaise with my family members who are concern with my health condition. The

Network technologies and system administration Assignment

Network technologies and system administration - Assignment Example Transmission media is very important in the transmission of signals. For the transmission of the signal copper wires are being in utilization for many years however, as the technology regarding the transmission media developed, wireless technologies got the importance as wireless technologies require less management and lack the burden of wires. In a wired transmission system, digital signals are utilized in the transmission, where various voltage levels are considered to be binary zero and binary one (Omega.com, np). The signal is then transmitted to the copper wire as the voltage signals and a reference voltage is also transmitted. At the other side the transmitted signal is received and the reference voltage signal is created and thus the wired transmission and reception system works. In wired communication twisted pair, coaxial cable and optic fiber cables are utilized. However, optic fiber cable does not come in the category of copper wire and signal is transmitted in the form o f light. The major problem that arises in the transmission of signal through the wired medium is that the copper wires are much influenced by the electromagnetic energy and thus a distorted signal is received due to the interference of the electromagnetic radiations. These electromagnetic radiations are produced by the electrical appliances and transmission lines near the signal wire. This type of problem is more in twisted pair cable as compared to the coaxial cable. However, the twists in the cable help minimize the interference. Another problem with the wired transmission is the difficulty in the management and detection of problem (Polenin, np). There is a need to replace the whole cable if a little defect in the cable arises like small cuts, etc. In order to eliminate the problems of the electromagnetic interference, a pair cable is twisted to reduce the interference. Boosters are utilized at after some fair distances to recover the distorted signals to the original signals. Bo osters also amplify the signals to the desired amplification. In the coaxial cable, metal shielding prevents the loss of the signal and avoids electromagnetic interference. However, the outer insulation is such made to prevent environmental damage and the preventions against cuts, etc. Ethernet is a part of computer networking technology for local area network which is commercially started in 1980. It is consisted of IEE 802.3, LAN technology. In the OSI orientation arrangement, Ethernet is at the data link layer. Ethernet distributes a flow of information through packets which, are known as frames. Each frame consists of source and destination dresses and error checking data so that damaged data can be easily identified and rebroadcasted (Pidgeon, np). As we have discussed data packet on the wire is known as a frame. A frame initiates with the preamble and start frame delimiter. First advantage is that it is conceptually it is simple like it has coax cable and T adapters and no hub s, transceivers and other devices. It is less price device. There is a high level of noise immunity. Disadvantages are Ethernet is difficult to change. Its configurations are not edited easily. If any device or cable section fails, is demolishes the entire network. Ethernet frame is also called as Ethernet link. In the frame structure, octets are distributed to make the Ethernet do its job in a right way. For example, the frame allocated seven octets to the Preamble from 10101010, preamble have the responsibility to synchronize clocks or receiver and sender. For addresses, all adapters receive the frame on LAN at 6 byte. The frame structure type is utilized to identify the higher layer protocol. At receiver, frame is checked for error, if there is any errors present the frame dropped. The MAC Destination takes about 6 octets, MAC source takes about 6 octets, payload takes octets from the rage of 45 to 1500 and inter-frame gap takes about 12 octets. An

Inflation targeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Inflation targeting - Essay Example 2% in the U.K. nd 2.5% in Nrwy. (Mishkin, Eakins, 2006) The difference between these frms des nt seem t mtter in prctice: centrl bnk with trget rnge seems t im fr the middle f the rnge, nd the edges f the rnge re nrmlly interpreted s "sft edges," in the sense tht they d nt trigger discrete plicy chnges nd being just utside the rnge is nt cnsidered much different frm being just inside. The relation between inflation targets and central bank preferences has been thoroughly investigated. On one hand, there is a theoretical literature of Walsh (1995), Svensson (1997) that concludes that inflation targets can be used as a way of overcoming credibility problems because they can mimic optimal performance incentive contracts. On the other hand, there is an empirical literature (Bernanke et al. 1999), that looks whether inflation targets have been instrumental in reducing the policy-implied short-term trend rate of inflation. Broadly speaking, the evidence is that inflation targets have indeed brought about a change in policymaker's inflation preferences. Unlike the relation between inflation targets and central bank preferences, a relatively underexplored issue is how to translate inflation targets into short-term interest rates. This is the issue of how to map explicit "targets" for monetary policy into monetary policy instruments, or how to implement an inflation-targeting framework. An exception is an important contribution by Svensson (1997). Svensson shows that because of lags in the transmission process of short-term interest rates to inflation, inflation targeting implies inflation forecast targeting. In his analysis, the central bank's forecast becomes an explicit intermediate target and its optimal reaction function has the same form as the Taylor rule (1999). Bullard and Schaling (2001) augment the Svensson model with regime switching in productivity and calculate the optimal monetary policy rule in the altered environment. They find that a rule that incorporates leading indicators about regimes significantly outperforms th e Taylor rule. They use this result to comment on the new economy events of the 1990s and the

International Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Risk Management - Essay Example om now, this essay will provide the readers with insightful map to explain the firm’s business model followed by discussing its strengths and vulnerabilities as a globally known social network. In the light of the business model, risk factors that Facebook is currently exposed to will be identified. Eventually, the underlying drivers behind the company’s current risk factors will be tackled in details. This information is useful in terms of enabling the company forecast its future risks. This essay will also examine the appropriateness and effectiveness of Facebook’s risk management strategies in terms of making the company survive the global challenges of social networking sites 10 years from now. In order to prevent the development of potentially new risks as a result of implementing the company’s current risk management strategies, some of the recommended proactive and holistic risk management strategies which can be used in allowing the company monitor and manage its risk exposure will be tackled in details. Although Mark Zuckerberg – the founder of Facebook admits that the company is still searching for a business model that will enable the company have a clear path to profitability (Manjoo, 2008), the business model of Facebook seems to be based on network effects business model. It means that the company is using networking effect by inviting individuals more than 13 years old to register with the social networking website. In line with this, the higher the number of individuals who register with Facebook would mean an increase the company ability to earn from investment value and advertising gains. Since the goal of Facebook is to increase the number of its online users, the company decided to include Digg in its new business model (ONeil, 2010). According to Nicole Ozer – technology and civil liberties policy director for ACLU of Northern California, â€Å"Facebook is in the business of making money, not protecting privacy† (Swartz, 2010). In

A New Foreign Owner of Liverpool Football Club About How the Club's Coursework

A New Foreign Owner of Liverpool Football Club About How the Club's Fans Might Be Segmented - Coursework Example The owner also plans to find out the appropriate ways of reaching out to their segmented and targeted fans. The present economic crises, the heavy debt of the club and the growing expenses have called for the need of steady revenue generation which could only be attained with the help and support of the loyal fans of the club. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Brief Background of the Issues 5 Analysis of the Issues 6 Conclusion and Recommendations 9 Summary 10 References 11 Bibliography 13 Introduction The Liverpool Football Club was acquired by John W. Henry in the year 2010 and he is now the present owner of the club. The present owner has been planning to categorize the fans of the club in terms of marketing segmentation. Along with the segmentation, the owner is also planning to look and develop strategies that would help the club to reach those segmented fans. Targeting the fans was important so as to boost the sales of the club which was considered important for meeti ng up the expenses of the club as well the dues. The club was already under a heavy debt and its increasing expenses in terms of holding on and maintaining the players and also the alterations in the codes of tax have compelled the owners to seek for ways so as to augment the revenues. The club has a stadium which is situated in Liverpool itself and is also pursuing the construction of an additional one (This Is Anfield, 2011). Segmenting the fans and seeking for efficient strategies to reach them would prove to be helpful for the club to build strategies which in turn is most likely to generate revenue from them (Westerbeek & Smith, 2003). Brief Background of the Issues The recent economic crisis made it clear that professional football was in jeopardy. The football clubs that were considered as over-committed could not escape from the shackles of this crisis. This made the stakeholders realize that the clubs should be operated or functioned like financially sound trading companies rather than recreational units (Butenko, 2010; Boyle & Haynes, 2004). It was identified that a football club which had a strong support was not considered to be a throwaway company with regard to other industries. The football clubs, in order to survive the economic crisis, meet up with the rising expenses and maintain their honored reputation, required the strong support of their loyal fans. It has become a fact that the gap between the supporters and the clubs has been augmenting which was posing to be a great challenge for the clubs to earn revenue. Therefore, it has become vital for the clubs to deal with the increasing distance on an urgent basis so as to keep on the supporters pouring in. This would facilitate the clubs to establish an indispensable source of financial support which would help the clubs to overcome the present crisis as well as earn enough proceeds needed for the functioning of the clubs (Garland & Et. Al., 2000). The Liverpool Football Club was observed to e ncounter a similar problem in terms of earning revenue and meeting its expenses as well as existing liabilities. The necessity of revenue generation made the owners of the club plan to segment their fans in terms of marketing and seek suitable ways of approaching them (This Is Anfield, 2011). Analysis of the Issues The Liverpool Football Club was already known to be in heavy debt while changing hands. The new owners of the club were responsible for meeting the debt liabilities along with the usual expenses of the club. Acquiring

American medical care Essay Example for Free

American medical care Essay These early immigrants survived the harsh times and difficult American climate as well as the wilderness on primitive basic instincts. The early settlements were often ravaged by starvation and disease. During the colonial era, doctors education was informal. Most were literate, but some who were raised outside of New England were not. A man who wanted to practice medicine did not need any type of certification. Most did have a period of apprenticeship with an established physician, but even this was not a requirement. Up until the late 19th century, very few doctors had a college education. Medical facilities were unofficial. Most patients were treated in their homes. However, even the smallest towns had poorhouses, where needy people could live and receive limited medical care. The few hospitals that opened in North America during the colonial period were opened in places like Quebec and New Orleans. Public health was unknown in North America at this time. Towns and cities did not have boards of health except during times of epidemics. Because most places did not have public water or sewer systems, most Americans got their water from pumps and used outhouses until well into the 19th century. There was no trash collection so the streets became a breeding ground for all types of disease. There were a few attempts to influence public health. For example, when smallpox vaccinations were developed in the 18th century, many small town doctors had groups of people that had to stay quarantined for a few days to make sure they only developed a mild case of smallpox. Cures may have killed more people than the diseases themselves. The public developed a very skeptical attitude towards regular doctors. In the early 19th century, the do it yourself attitude of many Americans was popular. These people freely gave medical advice, emphasized the participant of the patient in his or her own treatment. However, other medical treatments were available also. Probably snake oil is best remembered. Andrew Taylor Still started the practice of osteopathy. Osteopathy incorporated bodily manipulations, similar to those seen in modern chiropractics. In osteopathy, these manipulations affected the magnetic flow of energy in the body. Osteopathy discouraged use of medicines, but did not forbid them. Another reaction against heroic medicine was homeopathy. A university-trained German doctor named Samuel Hahnemann started it. Heinemann said that doctors were giving their patients too much medicine. He believed that tiny amounts of drugs should be diluted in water before being given to a patient and that practitioners should take very thorough medical histories of each patient. Quackery was a way to fool people into believing they were being cured while making money from them. Quackery had even been licensed in London, but it was completely ignored by the America government for hundreds of years. Hydropathy was another special case. The healing power of water, hydropathy indicated the value of the rest cure, importance of having like-minded people around, the usefulness of light exercise and the fact that women who wore loose-fitting clothing generally felt better and had fewer physical complaints than the ones who did. Another special case is the entire issue of faith-only healing. While empirical evidence in favor of faith-only healing is lacking, anecdotal evidence suggests that some people who pray do experience spontaneous decrease of certain diseases. The late 19th century saw major changes in medicine in the United States. Medicine went from being medieval to incorporating many elements of modern science. The advances in chemistry, and biology had major impacts on medicine. As medical practitioners began to understand that the body was comprised of basic chemicals and not mysterious humors, effective treatments for diseases and injuries were developed. As medicine became more scientific, doctors needed both training and  licensing. In 1847, Dr. Nathan Davis founded the American Medical Association (AMA) in Philadelphia to help create professional standards for doctors and set minimal educational requirements. Medical colleges opened up across the country, increasing requirements from a few months without any college background to a number of years with a college degree. However, these colleges provided an extremely unpredictable level of medical education, with some of them a diploma and others provided a to notch medical education. As American cities exploded in size during the 19th century due to immigration from Europe, public health became more of an issue. With many hundreds of thousands of people living in cities: extremely crowded, unsanitary conditions; tuberculosis was often at epidemic levels in the cities. During the 19th century, people understood that TB was not caused by miasma, but was caused by bacteria. People with TB were sometimes sent out of the city to places in the country, where the cleaner air seemed to help their recovery. It was obvious that people needed clean water for drinking, and bathing. So cities started massive sewer projects to help bring clean water into the cities while removing wastewater from the city. Dead animal remains and garbage littered the street until the late 1800s when cities started sanitation crews to take the trash out of town and dumps to move the waste to. Many cities started dispensaries so the poor could receive treatment and medications for low cost. With the urban population explosion, the poorhouses (probably todays HMO Urgent Care) became even larger and harder to manage. With new medical advances, people needed to be in big cities to receive certain types of treatment. Americans began to build hospitals across the country in the 19th century.  The new hospitals were generally cleaner than the old poorhouses.

The Violation Of Animal Rights

The Violation Of Animal Rights Every country is facing the environmental problems these days. It includes ozone depletion, global warming and loss of natural resources such as water, air, and other materials, and it also include the wildlife. Wildlife and forests are the very important part of every country, because it provides clean and fresh air. Everyone has same rights regardless human or non-human. I am raising the environmental issue which is on animal abuse, the violation of animal rights. It includes the abuse of drug testing, experiments, killing animals for food, and clothing. I am totally against the animal abuse, because it avoids the environmental ethics. We should have to be solving this problem in a unity. I want to write in the favour of animal rights. Drug testing and experiments on animals Every field of technology is growing very fast and for the sake of advancement they do hundreds of tests every month; it includes the field of architecture, engineering, manufacturing industry, and medical science. Ninety- four percent of animal testing is done to determine the safety of cosmetics and household products leaving only 6% for medical research. When scientists try to make advancements in the medical field, first of all they try on the animals which kill or harm different types of animals. For example, when doctors make new type of eye lens they try these lenses on the eyes of rabbit, because the eye retina of rabbit and human are same. If those lenses doesnt effect on the eyes of rabbit then they launch in the market, but imagine when that experiment fails on the rabbits eyes it make him blind which ruins the life of that rabbit and also violates the animal rights. The blinding of rabbits to have a new kind of mascara is yet to be justified. In most of the medicines scie ntists include the bones powder of animals. Death during the experiments and testing considered unnecessary and are morally not different from murder. Animal dissection is regarded as misleading. Killing of animals for food and religion celebration People abuse the animals by eating and hunting them. I am totally against the non-vegetarians, and prefer to be a vegetarian. Thousands of animals killed every day to eat and for fun; it includes cow, chicken, goat, fish, deer etc. Its like too selfish to kill someone and serve as a food for others. Animals have also emotions such as love, affection toward their families. Some studies prove that they also have same feelings like humans. Animals also suffer through pain, feelings, like physically or mentally. I saw many situations when people dont show any mercy towards animals. For example, I watched a video clip where people cut the chicken legs and beak for their selfishness because they can`t walk and fed by siting on one place. Chicken grows faster as compare to normal situation. People kills different kinds of animals for special occasion such as parties, marriage ceremony that shows the cruelty of human and also speciesism Peter Singer argues on speciesism that animals do not d eserve for rights or moral consideration simply because they are non-human, it is like similar as racism and sexism. I also want to say that every religion oppose the animal killing, but I saw on many religious occasions people killed animals and eat them and enjoy that day. To instance in Muslim culture, they kill animals for religious purpose which is against the animal rights. It is ridiculous for people when they killed someone and enjoy the day. All people who eat meat are murderers, because they pay money someone to kill them. Usage of animals for wearable products and entertainment People kill animals and use their skin for clothing or other wearable accessories. It is important to know which species are raised and killed on fur farms. Of the 31 million animals killed on fur ranches each year, about twenty-six million are mink and 4.5 million are fox. In addition, 250,000 chinchillas, 150,000 sable, 100,000 Fitch, 100,000 raccoon dogs (a separate species from the American raccoon), and a small number of lynx, bobcat, and nutria are fur farmed. Mink are very solitary creatures that spend a substantial portion of their day swimming in the water. This is an active species and does not adapt well to life in a cage. Hundreds of millions animal are skinning worldwide, and tortured to make the different type of products, like clothing, boots, etc. In every part of the world millions of cows killed to use as resources to produce leather products such as clothes, shoes or sofas. There are not only cows are used as to make clothing products, there are also some other spe cies who skinned alive. For example, ducks and geese are also used to produce down and feathers, which are pulled off from their bodies. Many other animals are also used as a raw material for humans. They killed in the slaughter house. Crocodiles and snakes are also killed to make boots, handbags and jackets. If we think about the value of someones life it cannot be just a pair of boot or coat. Finally, animals are also abused for entertainment. Hundreds of people say that Circuses are the good way to entertain them. But that people dont know the truth that how animals are tortured during their training session. Animals are not well trained to entertain people by their birth; they are tortured by many nasty ways to learn the tricks which are used to entertain people. When they torture to the animals they use electric rods which give them electric shocks, they also use fire torches to burn the hairs from their skin. Actually when people are laughing on animals or on their tricks that they do in the circus show, animals are not enjoying at that time they just scared from people and their operators. Could you imagine this horrible position when someone trap to you and then he torture to you to do the tricks, and other people laugh on you. How ashamed animal feel when we laugh on them. It abuses the animals and violates the human rights. A possible objection on my point of view is that to get advancements in the medical field, doctors have to do experiments on animals. Doctors are able to cure many diseases these days only because of those experiments they did on animals. If they stopped doing research on animals then we would not be able to find the medicines for new diseases, which can kill thousands of people too. When military people go on their operations, they have to kill animals to alive due to the shortage of food. Animals are a good source of energy. If anyone requires energy quickly then doctors suggest them to eat meat. Some people live high in the mountains, where they cannot plant crops. So, they have no option to live without meat. Clothing is also very important for those who lived in cold areas; they wear the fur of animals and prevent themselves from the winter season. So, they kill animals and make their suitable clothes. They mostly use the skins of animals. Circuses should be fine if trainer trai ned the animals without any torture. They should use or have to find the other ways to train them. These are the responses on my objections; There should be some acts in every country to protect animal rights, for example according to United Kingdom animal act 1986 requires experiments to be regulated by three licences: a project licence for the scientist in charge of the project, which details the numbers and types of animals to be used, the experiments to be performed, and the purpose of them; a certificate for the institution to ensure it has adequate facilities and staff; and a personal licence for each scientist or technician who carries out any procedure. if doctors want to do the drug test on animals; they should keep in mind that these tests dont affect animals. These tests should not kill or ruin the life of animal, if they affect it should be on minor stage which can cure after the test. Doctors should have to find the other minerals which can be used in medicines regarding the bones of animals. People should have to change their taste from non-vegetarian to become veget arian. People who eat meat just for taste or for fun, they should have to stop eat meat. I can understand the condition of military people and they eat meat because of their situation, but not for fun or for taste. Clothing is also the same situation; people who live at high places and need fur to wear it should be fine for them, but people who can live without wearing furry clothes, they should oppose these clothes. Conclusion God has created this earth and gives the equal rights to everyone to live with freedom and it does not matter that he is human or non-human. But these days conditions to live on earth are becoming worse as compare to older time. As the population is increasing, forests are falling down to get the more space for humans so wildlife and animals are in danger. For example Indias agricultural land and forest are about to finish because of the population, so vegetables price is rising day by day and people are becoming non vegetarian. Animal killing for food is also against the animal rights, people should have to be vegetarian and they have to show mercy for animals. The use of animals for drug testing should be limited or should be in the favour of animals, means drug test should not harm animals in any way. People also have to oppose the leather material and reject to wear it. The training session of animals to do the tricks for circuses is very abusive and tortured. It should be banned in every country. Finally, I would like to say that all are born with equal rights on this earth, so show mercy and oppose the abuse of animals.

Roles Of Armed Forces In Disaster Management Environmental Sciences Essay

Roles Of Armed Forces In Disaster Management Environmental Sciences Essay 1. Disasters are of various types caused by natural phenomena as well as compounded by human error. Natural disaster may be of various type such as earthquakes, cyclone, tornado, flood etc. and other events such as drought, crops failure, etc. whereas man made disasters may include radiation accidents, gas leakage accidents bomb explosion, war time rioting, firing etc. Natural Disasters are unlike anything else in human experience. These are largely beyond control of human being resulting quick changes in the lives of the victims. On the other hand, the cost of man made disaster like war is borne by the entire population. The socio-economic consequences of all these disasters have always been highly alarming and devastating. 2. Many countries of the world are frequently struck by adverse natural calamities. The magnitude and severity of such disasters are be alarming. The loss of life, damage to property and stripping off the resources are common features. However, the topology of natural disasters is multiple, based on meteorological, topographical and geological conditions such as cyclones, floods, earthquake etc. and its effects also vary from country to country. 3. Like many countries of the world, natural disasters are very common in Bangladesh, because of its geographical, atmospheric, environmental and fast changing ecological reasons. Bangladesh may be described as one of the most disaster prone countries of the world. Almost every year she experiences one or the other type of disaster. The most common disasters that generally occur in Bangladesh are floods, cyclone, storm surge, tornado, norwester, drought, earthquake etc. Bangladesh is a developing country having one of the lowest per capita income in the world, cannot afford to have a big standing organization with equipment exclusively to meet the requirements of pre, during and post disaster activities. 4. The contribution which the armed forces can make in dealing with such disaster need not be over emphasized. This contribution has usually been made under some form of official arrangement for aid to civil power, as laid down in the standing operating procedures.Experience has shown that military forces are fully effective in counter-disaster role. The flexible organizational structure, capability of sustained operation in all weathers by day and night and well trained management system of the armed forces make them particularly well-suited for effective disaster relief operations. In addition, many of their normal activities parallel to those in public emergency services. Thus armed forces can offer assistance to the victims with invaluable support in engineering, communications, transport, rescue, emergency medical services, field sanitation, water supply and so on. 5. Therefore, whenever Bangladesh faces any natural disaster it becomes imperative for the Armed Forces to respond quickly with its own management, communications and administrative machineries to assist the Civil authorities to provide humanitarian relief to prevent further loss of lives and property. In this paper an attempt will be made to identify the types of different natural disasters and the role of the Armed Forces in handling them, effects of disaster in general those of the new disaster threats and Disaster management system in other countries The study is confined to the natural disasters that commonly occur in Bangladesh and its handling by the armed forces. It is assumed that the definition of disaster, its pattern and nature, the principle causes are well-known to the reader and therefore, not discussed here. The paper is laid out in the following order : a. Types of disaster; and its Effect on Bangladesh. b. Nature of Military Assistance and the capabilities of the Armed Forces to combat the Disaster. c. Existing Disaster Management System in Bangladesh. d. Contribution of the Armed Forces in Disaster Management- a Historical Review. e. Disaster Management System in other Countries. f. Future Role of Armed Forces in Disaster Management. AIM 6. The aim of this paper is to analyse disaster management in general and recommend measures/systems for disaster preparedness and mitigation in Bangladesh by the Armed Forces. TYPES OF DISASTER, AND ITS EFFECTS ON BANGLADESH. 7. General. Disaster includes such events produced by a variety of natural and manmade destructive agents, including earthquake, volcanic eruption, tropical cyclone, flood, landslide, drought, epidemic, fires and war time bombing attacks. According to Kates (1980) roughly 90 percent of the worlds disaster are due to four hazard types. a. Floods (40 percent) b. Tropical Cyclone (20 percent) c. Drought (15 percent) d. Earth Quakes (15 percent) 8. Types of Disaster. Except earthquakes (Though the country experienced a mild trauma in 1988) other three hazards are common in Bangladesh. The most common disasters for which the Armed Forces may be employed in aid of civil power are. a. Natural Disasters. (1) Flood. (2) Tropical cyclone (typhoon). (3) Earthquake. (4) Landslide. (5) Epidemic. (6) Drought. (7) Famine. (8) Storm surge. b. Man made or Artificial Disasters. (1) Major Accidents. (2) Civil Unrest. (3) Man made floods. 9. The New Disaster Threats. The new disaster threat which has developed since World War-II besides the traditional disaster threat need to be considered and dealt with as a challenge with more effectively . The new disaster threats, may cause endless sufferings win far-ranging effects, and at the same time be difficult to counter. Some of these kinds of disasters are listed below : a. Social Violence. Social Violence like hijacking, terrorism, communal riots, civil unrest and conflicts with conventional arms affect many nations. The Armed Forces can help the government remove such social violence. b. Hazardous Material. Hazardous materials or substances can be as new disaster threat. The tragedy of Bhupal in India in 1985 ranks paramount in this category, with its estimated toll of 2500 killed and 100,000 affected in various ways. c. Atomic and Nuclear Threat. The explosion in 1986 at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Russia highlighted the extent and severity of this problem. Radio active effects from the disaster area were measured as far way as 1600 miles and more. Even if country was not directly involved in nuclear conflicts or terrorism, it could well suffer severely from the radio active side-effects. 10. General Effects of Disaster. The causes of disaster may be varied, the major effects of disaster tend to be : a. Loss of Life. b. Injury. c. Damage to and destruction of property and nationalInfrastructure. d. Damage to and destruction of subsistence and cash- crops. e. Disruption of production, life style and essential services. f. Loss of livelihood. g. Destabilization of National Economic Development. h. Sociological and physiological after effects. j. Political Instability. k. Crisis related to national security. 11. Effect of Major types of Disaster in Bangladesh. The effect of major types of disasters are given at Annex `A. 12. Impacts on Macro-Economic Adjustment of govt. The impacts of the natural Disasters on macro-economic adjustment are: a. Impact on central govt revenue. b. Impact on availability of Extra-budgetary resources. c. Impact on central govt development budget. d. Impact on foreign aid and over all growth. NATURE OF MILITARY ASSISTANCE AND THE CAPABILITY OF ARMED FORCES TO COMBAT THE DISASTER. 13. Military Assistance. The nature and extent of military assistance in disaster will depend on the combination of the forces prevailing in the country. Following assistance may be rendered by the Armed Forces to fight disaster. a. Air, land and sea survey and assessment, specially to ascertain levels of casualties and damage. b. Reconnaissance in the disaster zone and identification of routes within and leading towards it. c. Organized and mobile manpower for rescue operation. d. Well trained and equipped Engineers. e. Signal / communication units to provide emergency radio and telephone links. f. Supply / Logistic units to handle, store and transport goods and people over all types of roads. g. Emergency / Immediate medical support to the civilian services. h. Helicopters and aircrafts for reconnaissance and transport duties. j. Provision, by Naval forces, of transport support in harbour; also electrical power, mechanical engineering, water purification, long distance radio communication, cooking and backing facilities. 14. Capabilities of the Armed Forces to Combat Disaster. The well planned organization and management system of the Armed Forces make them capable to effectively handle, manage and tackle natural calamities and disasters under any serious condition. The members of the Armed Forces are selected personnel, disciplined and are well trained in leadership qualities. They are great organizers of any given task with honesty, sincerity, co-operation, discipline and above all patriotism. They can handle and manage any catastrophe with success. 15. Armed Forces have specialized training institutions to impart training to their members on various fields. They have expert hands such as doctors, engineers and other professionals to meet the differents need . These experts become extremely necessary to meet any emergency and for conducting relief and rehabilitation work. The role of the Armed Forces in various disaster management fields is briefly narrated below : a. Rescue Operation. The Armed Forces are quite capable of rescuing water bound people from flood affected areas using different kinds of water transport and also helicopter. b. Relief and Rehabilitation Work. Members of the Armed Forces with their better mobility can reach at every corner of the country rapidly to start relief and rehabilitation work in disaster and crisis ridden areas. c. Medical and Sanitation Services. Members of Army Medical Corps immediately start providing all kinds of emergency and general medical services including vaccines and setting up of sanitation facilities through active participation , wherever possible of the affected people. d. Supply of Pure Drinking Water. The Armed Forces are assigned the task of ensuring the supply of through water bowsers/trailers. Besides, they also assist in sinking tube-well for this purpose. e. Repair and Maintenance of Communication. Restoration of normal communication becomes a very important task of the Armed Forces in flood affected and cyclone hit areas. They also perform this important task in areas where sabotage or subversive activities are carried out. Members of the Signal Corps undertake this responsibility and urgently rebuild the communication system. The Crops of Engineers of the Armed Forces undertake emergency repair and reconstruction work of the roads and bridges damaged by flood, tidal bore and help restore effective and workable communication system. f. Provision of shelter. Armed Forces also in sometimes participate of construction of shelters in areas severely hit by natural disaster. Mostly this is done through the active participation of the affected people. g. Transportation of Relief Materials. Armed Forces render great help in transporting relief materials to the affected areas. For this purpose, they quickly use their different kinds of transport vehicles. h. Loading Unloading of Food Grain Relief Materials. Armed forces may be employed for loading and unloading and guarding of food grains and relief materials in sea-port and different river ports. EXISTING DISASTER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN BANGLADESH 16. General. Disaster relief and its managements is one of the prime national responsibilities. The Bangladesh Government Bangladesh has outlined the duties and responsibilities of the various Governmental institutions and of different ministries, including the Armed Forces in two Standing Operating Procedures (SOP). These SOPs are : a. Emergency standing orders for flood. b. Standing order for cyclone. 17. Based on these two SOPs Armed Forces have formulated their own SOPs up to unit level. SOP at all level has clearly spelt out the detail tasks with regard to pre, during and post disaster activities. More so, when a disaster is anticipated, selected military units and personnel with vehicles, transport aircrafts, helicopters, naval vessels and other water crafts remain in complete readiness to take part for immediate rescue and relief operations. 18. Existing System. Armed Forces play a pivotal role in complementing Government effort to restore normalcy in disaster affected areas. The system which are followed in disaster management is briefly stated below : a. Preparedness to Face Calamities. Natural calamities like cyclone and flood are recurring phenomenon Bangladesh but In recent times the intensity and magnitude of these natural calamities have given rise to the need for organizing the whole nation in preventing, fighting and understanding this calamities. b. Organizations Dealing with Preparedness. Government (govt) of Bangladesh has formed various committees/ bodies/cells at the national level to advise the government as to how to be prepared for facing natural calamities and to execute the Government decision and action programmes to fight the disasters. These committees have specific tasks and mission during a disaster period. The committees/cells are : (1) National Disaster Prevention The policy making Council. body. (2) National Co-ordination The co-ordinating Committee. body. (3) Disaster Management and The operation Relief Activities Co-ordination Group. and Monitoring Cell. (4) Prime Ministers Relief Go-down. 19. Armed Forces in Disaster Management. Armed Forces Division (AFD) is the highest Military Organization in Bangladesh. Disaster Management and Relief Activities Co-ordination cell operates at the Prime Ministers Office with support from Armed Forces Division. The cell functions under the directive of the Honorable Prime Minister. Principal Staff Officer of the Armed Forces Division acts as the Chief Co-ordinator of all relief and rehabilitation activities through this cell. All the three services, ie Army, Navy and Air Force are ordered by this Division prior to an anticipated disaster. 20. Co-ordination and Monitoring Cell. In the event of post disaster management, day to day operation coordinated by a cell within the Prime Ministers office under the Principal Staff Officer (PSO). This is commonly known as Disaster Management and Relief Activities Coordination and Monitoring Cell, more widely known as the PSOs Cell. The functions of the Cell are : a. Collection and compilation of damage assessments. b. Assessment of relief requirements. c. Management of Prime Ministers Relief Fund and related Storage facilities. d. Receipt, storage and distribution of locally and foreign donated relief supplies. e. Coordination of air supply drops. f. Coordination of transport. g. Public relations including briefing of the media and donors. 21. In the aftermath of any disaster, the Cell functions round the clock. The tasks that military personnel are to undertake in an emergency period are : a. Evacuation. b. Rapid damage assessments (specially logistic support to mixed assessment teams). c. Search and rescue. d. First aid/medical treatment. e. Handling of relief. f. Logistical support (land, sea and air) for the delivery of relief goods. g. Placing of relief storage and distribution. h. Clearance of debris. j. Emergency repairs. k. Burial of human bodies and animal carcasses. l. Setting up/ restoration of Telecommunications. m. Provision of Temporary shelters. CONTRIBUTION OF THE ARMED FORCES IN HANDLING DISASTERS A HISTORICAL REVIEW 22. Armed Forces of Bangladesh traditionally have an additional role to meet any sort of national emergency. For any severe disaster Armed Forces is called for providing necessary emergency support and assistance. Besides this, on humanitarian ground an organized force feels obliged to participate in alleviating human sufferings. In recent past during the severe disasters military organization worked side by side with Civil Administration. This remarkable contribution of the Armed Forces as explained below has earned the confidence and respect of the people. a. Cyclone of 1985 and 1988 and Great Cyclone of 1991. It is well remembered that on 25 May 1985 the ferocious cyclone accompanied by tidal waves devastated Urirchar and badly affected Swandip and Hatia. On 29 November, 1988 another devastating cyclone rolled over Bagerhat, Satkhira, Khulna and Sundarban areas. The cyclone that crossed the Bangladesh coast on 29-30 April 1991 can only be described as a Great Cyclone. All these cyclones caused indescribable damage to the lives, livestock, crops and properties of the affected areas. The destruction of property caused by 1991 cyclone alone was estimated to be about $4 billion (US). The cyclone that affected Bangladesh since 1960 are shown at Annex `B and the official statistics of 1991 cyclone are shown at Annex`C. b. Immediately after the cyclone warning orders were issued by the Govt to all the services Headquarters, to undertake anticipated relief and rescue operations, Armed Forces provided the following support during the cyclone. (1) The Armed Forces Quickly mobilized troops and moved them to the cyclone affected areas by the Naval vessels, boats, other available Water crafts along with the relief goods, medicine, drinking water etc. (2) Rescued the affected persons/families. (3) They helped sinking tube-wells and re-excavated ponds for pure water where necessary. (4) A good number of small medical team with life saving drug deployed in affected areas to treat the injured persons. (5) They established radio communication between the affected areas and concerned headquarters. (6) They prepared temporary shelters. (7) They rendered assistance in restoring the public services. (8) Army engineers with the assistance of Roads and Highway and Railway authorities repaired bridges and culverts as well as roads within the shortest possible time. (9) Bangladesh Air Force (BAF) employed substantial number of its air assets for dropping food into the cyclone affected areas. They also evacuated serious patients to the base hospital. (10) Bangladesh Navy was mainly deployed in Chittagong and Khulna area. Its sailors had been worked day and night to provide emergency assistance to relief/ reconstruction operations. 23. Flood of 1987 and 1988. The floods of 1987 and 1988, that which inundated about 39.9% and 67% of the land area respectively were also unprecedented in the history of Bangladesh. The entire international community was not sure how Bangladesh will over come this disaster. But by the grace of Almighty, the Govt, could tackle the situation within very short period of time in an organized manner. The military organization earned confidence nationally and internationally. Total 350 camps were established to carry out relief activities. Official estimates of loses and damage by floods in 1987 and 1988 are shown at annex D. and major floods in Bangladesh since 1954 are shown at annex E . DISASTER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN OTHER COUNTRIES 24. General. Most of the countries of the world are facing disaster in some form or other but the type and magnitude differ from country to country. Each country has a National level disaster plan in which there is provision for military assistance. Organization and the procedure of handling disaster of some of the countries are discussed below : 25. Australia. a. Types of Disaster. Cyclone is a common natural disaster in Australia. The cyclone season extends from November to April. The two major cyclones are TRACY which devastated Darwin on Christmas Day of 1974 and the TRIXIE that devastated western Australia in February 1975. Australia did suffer from floods normally caused by cyclonic rain falls. b. Organization. The Federal Civil Defence Authority under Department of Defence is the central authority to coordinate relief activities. Each state and community has its own local Counter Disaster Organization. The Defence Forces of Australia have their own role to play in disaster management. They coordinate with all levels of disaster activities i.e. the National Level, the state and community level and the Local level. In the local level the chief Executive officer (CEO) may be the local Chief of the Police. c. Disaster Planning Group (DGP). Besides, the DGP is to provide policy guidance for the CEO in planning disaster counter measures and during the conduct of disaster relief operations. The DPG consists of representatives from the following : (1) Police. (2) The local State or Territory Emergency Service Organization. (3) The major Medical/Hospital facility. (4) Local government. (5) The communications/telecommunications authority. (6) The major non govt welfare Organization. (7) Others in accordance with any priority local need. d. The Emergency Committee. The CEO is the chairman of the committee, consists of the leaders of all local organizations, including the Police. e. Defence Forces. When Defence Force units assist in counter disaster operations, a Defence Force liaison officer is to be attached to the CEO during the period of operations. All matters relating to the allocated Defence Force elements or resources can then be channelled through this officer. 26. Malaysia. a. The Types of Disasters. Malaysia experiences flood almost every year.17 The major causes for this are constant and heavy rainfall, erosion and siltation of river beds. b. National Security Council. National Security Council (NSS) It is primarily responsible for disaster management. At the national level it is the NSC that decides on the policy and conducts relief operations. They have the National Disaster plan and a Disaster Organization at all levels to mobilize and coordinate all activities connected with disaster. The plan also includes the participation of the Armed Forces. The use of military in National Disasters is within the scope of the Malaysian Armed Forces. This is one of their defined rolls. The major operational control machineries of the Relief operational plan includes: (1) National Security Council (NSC). (2) National Flood Relief Committee (NFRC). (3) Working committee for supplies. (4) Working committee for transport and communication. (5) National Security Council Flood Relief Operation Centre. (6) Defence Operation Room. (7) State Flood Relief Coordination Control Centre. (8) District Flood Relief Coordination Control Centre. All these committees and centres include all three services of Armed Forces i.e. Army, Navy, and Air forces. Philippines 27. Types of Disasters. Typhoons-high winds, storm surges, landslides and floods are the major disasters in Philippines. 28. Organization. The national govt is responsible for disaster operations. The main body in charge of mitigating the impact of natural disaster is the National Disaster coordinating council (NDCC). The secretary of Defence convenes the council with the representatives of govt. the office of the president, the Armed Forces and the phillipine National Red cross (NRC). The role of the philippines Armed Forces is to establish communication links and make this available for disaster operations, to assist in reconstruction of damage rods/ bridges and to assist in providing transportation for relief and evacuation. 29. Analysis. From the above discussions, It may also be observed that in almost every country of the world Armed Forces, form the core of different national disaster management bodies and in any catastrophic, all these bodies work shoulder to shoulder. In the light of their experience following suggestions can be made for Bangladesh for effective National disaster management. a. Bangladesh may also form a body like one of those countries. In such effort our Ministry of Relief and Rehabilitation may be placed under Prime Ministers Secretariat as a Division. This will enhance the coordination capability of the proposed division to effectively handle the crisis arising out of disaster. b. In case of Australia they have a National policy making body on disaster management. Their main job is policy formulation for better disaster management and help the Govt. This can be very much practicable in case of Bangladesh. Noted Scientists, intellectuals and peoples representation from all walks of life can formulate better policy for ensuring peoples participation at all levels. c. As Armed Forces are often called for disaster management, standing cell may be formed in every service so that they can distribute the work in advance, train and motivate the forces under their command to ensure quick response and rapid deployment to the disaster affected areas. 30. Problems being faced during the Management of Disaster. Disaster management is the national responsibility. But to combat the it effectively all social agencies and establishments should work unitedly. Whenever Bangladesh faces any natural disaster the Armed Forces is called to fight the disaster. However, Armed Forces work under many constraints like shortage of officers and other skilled personnel, fixed and rotary wing aircraft, naval vessels, equipment etc. It is also not possible to solve and overcome this problem within short time. Even then these constraints/limitations, Armed Forces shall have to work with dedication and in full cooperation with the civil administration. However, there are some constraints which are forced particularly during day to day operation at the time of actual disaster management. These constraints if not addressed in time many greatly affect the disaster management operation and thereby reduce the capability of the organizations/ agencies includi ng the Armed Forced. a. Inter Agency/ Departmental Statuesque. Some times over conscious official with regard to his rank, status or title stand in the way of effective cooperation and thereby delays the progress of crisis management. b. Personal rather than Collective Concern. Individual attitude of thinking may not be the same. But in Case of disaster management which works on group decision imposition of individual decision can delay the attainment of common goal. c. Absence of Common Forum. In our country, there is not much opportunity to exchange views among parties involved. Meeting common forum generate mutual understanding and strengthen cooperation. d. Lack of Communication between Two Parties. Lack of proper and effective communication between two parties creates a gap which decreases the effectiveness of co-operation and after creates confusion. e. Lack of Co-ordination. Sometimes the work of different parties are not well Co-ordinated. Co-ordination is essential for any type of joint venture to avoid mismanagement or disorder. Without proper coordination, any good venture or attempt may turn into an utter failure. f. Confusion about Jurisdiction of Work. In all situations, the role of each party should be clearly defined. Interference to other partys role is harmful. It destroys the congenial atmosphere. g. Lack of Mutual Respect. In most cases officers of civil and military administration suffer from ego-centric complexities. These create rigidity and hinder smooth functioning. 31. Ways to Overcome the Problems. To overcome these problems few suggestions are discussed below : a. Mutual Respect. All civil agencies and military administration must have respect for each other. In practical field it is often deliberately over-looked. Mutual respect ensures effective co-ordination and success in a given task. b. Sense of Duties and Responsibilities. Both civil and military administration must be aware about their own duty and responsibility. This is a pre-condition for any successful disaster management. c. Sense of Team work. Civil and military administrations should jointly work for all nation of peoples sufferings. They are complementary to each other. If anybody considers otherwise, then it will create undesirable situation. d. Avoid Rumour. Rumour may create misunderstanding between civil and military administrations. Direct communication diminishes the danger of rumour. e. Proper Communication and Co-ordination. Communication gap between civil and military administrations often crops up during crisis management. Proper and timely communication between each other help achieve the goal. f. Sense of patriotism. Both civil and military administrations must work together to achieve common goal ie to serve the nation. Deviation from this goal meets with failure. FUTURE ROLE OF THE ARMED FORCES IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT 32. RATIONALE. Since disasters such as cyclones, tornadoes, tidal surge, etc. are sudden, severe and overwhelming in nature, an organized and trained institution with the necessary manpower, materials and other logistic supports are required to respond to crises and prevent further human suffering. The Armed Forces being the only institution with all the necessary requirements may fulfill this role. On the basis of this rationale, the following organizations may be set up.The organogram is at annex G. 33. National Disaster Management Council . This would be the highest level decision and policy making body related to natural disaster management in Bangladesh which will be acted upon by National Emergency Response Committee (NERC). The Prime Minister (PM) will be the chair person of this council with following members. a. Key Ministers of. (1) Home Affairs. (2) Relief and Rehabilitation. (3) Information. (4) Cabinet Affairs. (5) Foreign Affairs. (6) Finance. (7) Communication. b. Chiefs of the Three Services. c. Principal Staff Officer of AFD. 34. National Emergency Response Committee (NERC). NERC may be consisted of the following members : a. PSO as Chief coordinator. b. Secretaries of Following Ministries. (1) Relief and Rehabilitation. (2) Home Affairs. (3) Information. (4) Communication. (5) Cabinet Division. (6) Director General Metrology office (Weather Forecasting). c. Director General, NGO Affairs Bureau. d. Task. (1) To report to the Pri

Tacoma Narrows Bridge Essay -- Architecture Engineering History Bridge

Tacoma Narrows Bridge One of the most influential engineering discoveries in the past century was the ill-fated Tacoma Narrows Bridge. â€Å"Galloping Gertie† as she was known to local residents, the massive Washington state suspension bridge shook, rattled and rolled its way into the history books. Legendary in its time, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge held many records and drew tourists from around the world in its short life. However, the famous bridge is not known for its creative engineering or speedy construction, unfortunately the bridge was destined to fail. That failure in turn changed the way every building is constructed today as well as further man’s understanding of physics and the forces of nature. In this paper we will examine the history of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge from design to construction, the failure of the bridge, and ultimately the rebuilding project. The bridge was constructed roughly 8 miles west of downtown Tacoma and 40 miles south of Seattle. This area of Washington is a maze of waterways and islands named the Puget Sound where the Pacific Ocean meets the mainland of Washington. The original build location is known as the Tacoma Narrows, due to the proximity of Olympic Peninsula and the mainland. The Olympic Peninsula is home to beaches, the Hoh Rain Forest, the Olympic Mountains and the Victorian Seaport. The span between shores is about a mile wide which is surprisingly the closest in all 20,000 square miles of Puget Sound, hence the name Tacoma Narrows. The Olympic Peninsula rests in the middle of the Puget Sound in Western Washington and is home to wildlife, hunting and fishing, and a few fledgling communities in the 1930’s. State officials had been p... ... due for completion in 2008. Today 90,000 vehicles cross the Tacoma Narrows a day, in the next 5 years the Washington Toll Authority Projects the bridges to transport 120,000 vehicles a day. The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was possibly the luckiest engineering catastrophe if there ever was one. Despite the very real danger, no human life was lost and engineers and the human race alike are better off for it. Bibliography: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge http://euclid.ucc.ie/applmath/projects/bridge/ http://www.brantacan.co.uk/osclinks.htm http://www.civeng.carleton.ca/Exhibits/Tacoma_Narrows/DSmith/photos.html http://www.civl.port.ac.uk/comp_prog/tacoma/design.htm http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcoll/tnb/ http://www.nwrain.net/~newtsuit/recoveries/narrows/narrows.htm http://www.vibrationdata.com/Tacoma.htm

Myths of Cultures and Civilizations Essay -- Civilization, Myths, Lege

From before the dawn of civilization as we know it, humanity has formed myths and legends to explain the natural world around them. Whether it is of Zeus and Hera or Izanami-no-Mikoto and Izanagi-no-mikoto, every civilization and culture upon this world has its own mythos. However, the age of myth is waning as it is overshadowed in this modern era by fundamental religion and empirical science. The word myth has come to connote blatant falsehood; however, it was not always so. Our myths have reflected both the society and values of the culture they are from. We have also reflected our inner psyche, conscious and unconscious, unto the fabric of our myths. This reflection allows us to understand ourselves and other cultures better. Throughout the eons of humanity’s existence, the myths explain natural phenomena and the cultural legends of the epic hero have reflected the foundations and the inner turmoil of the human psyche. Over the recent centuries, the definition of myth has decayed into a word synonymous with falsehoods and lies. This idea of myths being completely false and therefore useless is a fairly modern one. To combat the rise of empirical science in the 1900s, theologians brought the idea of wholly literal, fundamental religion into being to combat ideas that did not perfectly align with the tenants of the religion (May 24). This was the final death blow to the idea of the metaphysical myth that was already wounded from thousands of years of being denounced as pagan or barbaric. The rise of empirical science also lent to the decay of the meaning of myth. Science was able to explain the natural world far better than a myth ever could; however, it lacked the metaphysical aspect. Due to these rising ideologies, myths hav... ...ng, Ph.D.. n.p. 2002. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. Drysdale, Jilian Miller. â€Å"Faces of the Goddess.† Synchronicity. Dec. 1999/Jan. 2000: 29-31. Sirs Renaissance. Web. 29 Mar. 2014. Freud, Sigmund. The Future of an Illusion. New York: Norton & Company Inc., 1961. Print. Henderson, Joseph. â€Å"Ancient Myths and Modern Men.† Man and his Symbols. Ed. Carl Jung. New York: Doubleday & Company Inc., 1964. 104-158. Print. Jung, Carl. â€Å"Approaching the Unconscious.† Man and his Symbols. Ed. Carl Jung. New York: Doubleday & Company Inc., 1964. 1-104. Kromholz, Susan Foster, and P. Kyle McCarter. â€Å"Why Myth Endures.† Johns Hopkins Magazine. Aug 1990: 32-37. Sirs Issues Researcher. Web, 07 Apr. 2104. May, Rollo. The Cry for Myth. New York: Norton & Company, 1991. Print. Sels, Nadia. Myth, Mind, and Metaphor: On the Relation of Mythology and Psychoanalysis. n.p. 2011. Web. 25 Mar 2014.

History Exam Questions Essay

1. Where and why did Spain establish colonies in North America, and how did native peoples resist colonization? Spain established colonies in Central America, the Caribbean islands, and Mexico to increase their wealth and power. The native people resisted colonization by trying to fight back. 2. How did the Chesapeake colonies support the aims of British mercantilism? The Chesapeake colonies supported British mercantilism with their tobacco crops and the Bay’s rich fisheries. These served as highly valuable to Britain. 3. Why did slavery replace servitude as the dominant labor system in Virginia and Maryland? Through most of the 17th century, the Black population was small. Sometime after 1680, buying a slave for their lifetime was a greater investment than paying for an indentured servant. Lastly, the number of Africans bought by British dealers was up to 20,000 per year. Thus, this transition led slavery to replace servitude. 4. What caused the Beaver Wars and how did the French respond? The Beaver Wars was caused by a series of conflicts fought in 17th century in eastern North America. The French responded by participating in a war with them. 5. Who settled the earliest New England colonies, and why? The Puritans settled the earliest in New England colonies for religious freedom. 6. In what ways were the Mid-Atlantic colonies more diverse than the other colonies of the period? Mid-Atlantic colonies are more diverse because they have many different cultures living in that area. Moreover, diverse groups settled leaving a variety of religions or national origin. 7. Why did Spain establish colonies in Texas and California, and what role did missions play in anchoring the Spanish presence? The Spanish established colonies in Texas because they used it as a prevention of the French. The role it played was as a buffer. Spain settled in California as a last project in North America. 8. How did Louisiana differ from French Canada? 9. What kinds of divisions led to social tensions and conflicts in British North America? Divisions between different countries led to the social tensions. Many of their territories with divided. This later became known as the British North American Act. 10. How did African American culture evolve in the slave community, and what forms did resistance to captivity take? African American culture began to evolve when slaves with actually able to communicate with each other and when the female population went up and it made it possible for them to start families. Then, the combination of their elements of speech, religion and folk ways were developed. Resistance to captivity occurred in songs, key words, and many other creative ways. Identifications – All answers are worth 5 points. 11. With regards to agriculture, what does the term â€Å"monoculture† mean? Monoculture id the cultivation of a single crop (on a farm or area or country). 12. Define the term â€Å"celibate†. â€Å"Celibate† is a person who abstains from sexual relations. 13. Who was Pope’? John Pope was pope. 14. Give a good working definition of the practice of â€Å"mercantilism†. Mercantilism is economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism 15. What does the term â€Å"indentured servant† mean? An indentured servant is a person who bounds himself or herself to serve someone for a certain period of time in exchange for something else. 16. What does the term â€Å"racism† mean? Racism is hatred or intolerance of another race or other races and cultures 17. What did the term â€Å"Counter-Reformation† mean to the Roman Catholic Church? The Counter Reformation is a reformation counteracting a previous reformation. 18. What were the six tribes of the Iroquois League? The six tribes of the Iroquois were The Onondaga Nation, Oneida Nation, Seneca Nation, Tuscarora Nation, Mohawk Nation, and the Cayuga Nation. 19. As part of Calvinist theology, what does the term â€Å"predestination† mean? The term predestination was the question of the control God exercises over the world. 20. What is the principle of the â€Å"separation of Church and State†? The principle is to maintain a distance in relationship between organized religion and the Nation state. Who were the Quakers? They were a large group of immigrants that left England for freedom. 21. 22. Who was Metacom? Metacom was a Wampanoag chief who brought different American Indian groups together to fight against the English 23. What is an artisan? A artisan is a skilled trade worker, especially making things by hand. 24. Under slavery, what was the â€Å"task system†? A system used during slavery that allowed some slaves to work unsupervised as long as they complete the task within time. 25. What were â€Å"Maroon communities†? The Maroon communities were places a runaway slave could escape to. 26. What was the Enlightenment? A period during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries when European philosophers pondered aspects of education, law, social theory, superstition, and ignorance. What was the Great Awakening? A American religious movement that began in New England near the mid 1730’s. 27. 28. What did the English consider to be a â€Å"balanced constitution†? A balance of power would be considered a balanced constitution. 29. What was â€Å"benign or salutary neglect†? â€Å"Benign or salutary neglect is when the Americans realized that they did not have to follow English law. 30. What is â€Å"The Fandango†? The â€Å"Fandango† is a Spanish dance.

Alternative Fuel Vehicles

Rising prices of gasoline and give notice shortage has led to popularity of vehicles that run on alternate render. Past decade has seen keen thrust on technological researches in alternative give the axes.. Due to distinct requirements of contrasting sectors in conveyingation, the technologies vary. Passenger vehicles, public transport vehicles and freight transportation carry special(prenominal) needs that ar difficult to be met by a single alternative fuel technology. Some of the major and most(prenominal) popular of these technologies, where majority of research and ontogeny has taken place, argon (Aldrich, 1996).1. Electric Vehicle. 2. earthy Gas 3. . Hydrogen and 4. Fuel Cells. chase section discusses the advantages of each of these types of alternative vehicles and their benefits all over naturalized gasoline ground cozy combustion engine. Electric Vehicles In the trip of a typical electric vehicle, heat content fuel cell or chemical batteries such as advanc ed tight lead battery, nickel cadmium and atomic number 3 ion are utilize for auxiliary forcefulness (Aldrich, 1996Electric vehicles offer numerous benefits over the conventional gasoline based ICE, some of which are (Hybrid Electric Vehicles, 2007 Sanna, 2007, 12 Aldrich, 1996, 88 )Highly free brawn efficient as chemical readiness is directly converted to electrical energy without any combustion Extremely utmoster(prenominal) power density where a real small quantity of fuel post provide very high power. This is the modestness why fuel cells are used in space flights-their compact size and high power make them nonpareil for space shuttles. Most environment cozy as the only byproduct of the function is water vapour. Disadvantage Extremely high cost that make them unaffordable for private or commercial use ConclusionBased on this discussion, it mint be seen that natural gas (CNG) offers the vanquish all round solution to the job of gasoline shortage and rising fuel c osts. Currently supplies of natural gas are abundant and switching over to them makes threatening economic sense. It would also create an special buffer time for development of advertise sets of alternative fuel technologies that would some daytime dispense with the need of petroleum based fuel options. Reference Bob Aldrich.. first principle of AFVs a guide to alternative fuel vehicles. California Energy Commission, Sacramento-CA. April 1996. April, 2008. http//www. p2pays. org/ref/26/25156. pdf

China’s Monetary Policy & IMF

chinas contemporary pecuniary constitution and regulation pecuniary polity Committee Policies ( rice beer roll, ERR, hostile militia Risks IMPs inter-group communication Recent pecuniary revitalize Ill. cobblers last A. Future of chinaw atomic number 18s frugal system Inter issue financial Fund is an organization that consists of 188 countries, in which countries fit together to erect global monetary cooperation, secure financial stableness, and sustainable scotch egress around the globe. seeing red serves as an International bank, loaning money to process countries due to economic difficulties and as an adjudicator, harmonise economic conflicts between countries.Its a pussycat of central bank bookings and national currencies that onlyows member countries to borrow. chinaware Joined huff in 1945, and has twice used MIFF addresss, in 1981 and in 1986. china holds yearbook consultations with MIFF on economic reading and policy Issues. In recent tote up of years, china has been accused of cash utilisation and excessive irrelevant militia to plump for economic chinaware to make policy straightens. In this paper, I will cause with mainland Chinas monetary st lay outgy, 1994 monetary crisis, and then contend Chinas current monetary policies, reforms, and Miffs regulation on China.China regulates its monetary system through purse (Peoples Bank of China) by adjusting interest enjoin, perform open market operation, and manipulating Reserve necessity Ratio. How Chinese g all oernment uses these policy tools is mutually beneficial of how Chinese currency Yuans is arranged in unconnected supervene upon mechanism. Central banks discredit currency by rationalizeting interest rate and change magnitude in foreign reserve to bewilder economic maturation. In other words, Chinese regulators used more than non-market financial policy to administrate credit expansion.Through effective air little state operate on policies, China had passed a massive mien from where it was to the second largest economy in the world. It went wrought 1994 Monetary Crisis, 1997 East Asiatic Crisis, and global Financial Crisis in 2008. These crises non single gave slightons to the Chinese regulating body and MIFF, just alike advise a admonishment sign of the underlying risk of victimisation too much state mince on interest rate and commute rate. 1994 was a significant year in Chinas economic history. China faced an unexamp conduct annual ostentatiousness rate of 24% in 1994.It was largely caused by the over investment in early 1990 as governing loosen credit to enterprises. specially after Denominations visit to Southern China in 1992, in which e potently advocated for economic growth, investment increased 43% from previous year(3). The overstatement not only doubled the determine of mental synthesis materials such as steel and lumber, still similarly increased price of grains significantly. The ex plosive quick rise in price had a devastated effect on residents lifespan conditions.To fight with the inflation, the Chinese government experienceed a series of actions, which include tighten credit/loans, strict regulation of local anaesthetic/regional capital fund raising, alter fixed asset investment scale, re-examining mingled newly established financial institutions, and domineering capital and cash holding of all financial organizations(3). The main goal of these policies is to disdain the economic growth rate and drop the overall fixed asset investment. afterward one year of adjusting and implementing policies, the inflation rate reduced to 9. % in December 1995. unspoiled like the cause of Chinas Financial 1994 Crisis, the Asiatic Crisis of 1997 was the aftermath of a sudden heave in capital in eats to pay amentaceous investments, which made a countrys economy vulnerable. The Asian Crisis started with the lapse of Thai Baht in July 1997, when Thai government w as forced to ball up the baht due to lack of foreign currency to support its fixed change rate. Then the Crisis began to spread across to umpteen East Asian countries, including South Korea, Philippines, Indonesia, and Singapore.All of the countries had acquired a burden of foreign debt. In Korea, the foreign debt-to-GAP ratio rose from 13% to as risque as 40%. Furthermore, the crisis was deepened by the Miffs initial misdiagnosis when MIFF imposed budgetary tightening policy to stabilize currency in Thailand, South Korea, and Indonesia (1). Although China was less preserveed by the crisis, it influenced its the monetary policies. respectable as other Asian countries, China started built up official reserves so that it dont have to borrow from MIFF.Both crisis had a significant impact on China todays monetary policy, which is Ojibwa, advocates for dovish bias, a style to prefer accommodative monetary policy, support the use of policy tools to stimulate growth while placing le ss emphasis on the risks of inflation(4). This policy belief led to manipulation in exchange rate when China was experiencing a rapid economic growth and currency wait. ARM comprehended from about 8. 828 Yuan in 2005 per one dollar bill to 6. 09 in 2013, approximately 34% appreciation on a nominal cornerstone a brightenst dollar and by 42% on a tangible basis (5).It was because of Chinas rapid economic development in the bygone decades. China has become one of the worlds largest exporters and created coarse trade surplus and strong collect for ARM. The sudden appreciation led to inflation and consequently lower purchasing source of residents in China. The situation forced government to interfere with the exchange rate in order to declare financial stability ND protect citizens well-being. POOCH cut the interest rate to increase the contend for credit, reduced ERR, and increase foreign reserve to fight against appreciation.Chinas large purchases of foreign reserves reduc ed their yields and push capital to emerge market, which successfully decelerated the speed of appreciation of ARM. However, how would these policies affect Chinas economy in a long run? MIFF pointed out that Chinas tight responsibility control over banking system is creating risk to its economic growth in the future. China undervalued currency not only has negatively affected U. S and Global trade, scarce also has brought risk to its own economy.According to the crude York Times, theres a growing list of countries, from the fall in States to the European Union to Brazil, have complained that China has been cheapening its currency. U. S criticized that China is trying to gain unfair trade advantages over employment partners(5). International Monetary Fund also claimed that ARM is significantly undervalued, and wrote a get across to urge China to ease State controls on banking in 2011. The report examined on Chinas financial policy, in which encourages high savings, high level s of equity, and high risk of capital misappropriation and asset bubbles, especially in echt estate.In MIFF words, the consequence of these distortions is rising over time, posing increasing macro-financial risks. MIFF warned China tight government management of the nations banking and financial system was creating a steady build-up in vulnerabilities that could eventually damp economic growth (2) Excessive bank lending and increasing local government debt as a long-term policy would put Chinas economy at risk. However, China did not implement immediate change in monetary policy after Miffs warning.Instead, Chinese official argues that their exchange rate is not meant to take up unfair trade advantage, and to rear economic stability and social welfare to citizens. The government continues to regulate extensively on interest rates, estate price and exchange rate. Not until recently, China finally implements study monetary reforms in reply to Miffs changeless warnings. In order to maintain the economic growth, Chinese government must reform its banking system and adopt a ductile exchange rate. The POOCH has taken measurement to loosing the governments intervention on interest rate, allow racket to set the price instead.Just as recorded in the article The pursual Rate As A Monetary Policy Instrument in China, mainland lenders are allowed to charge rates on loans below the official benchmark-lending rate, effective from 20 July 2013. The scrapped (6). Furthermore, the cap on credit center lending rates was also abolished. These reforms indicate that Bank is not favoring state-owned entities, and indeed stimulates real economy. China is putting effort to alter interest rates, open financial market, and promote greater foreign investment. I debate that a tightened state control monetary policy is not efficient and adapted in a long run.Although it has brought finance stability, China has to let the capital flow freely in order to maintain economic grow th in the future. China should move outside(a) from non-market financial policies and measuring stick toward a more market-based currency to rebalanced Chinas economy. afterward decades of exponential expansion, Chinas expansion is entering a period of slower growth. In the original half of 2013, Chinas export growth rate was significant lower and GAP has also fallen. Zinnia claimed that the Yuan was nearing equilibrium against the dollar in June 2013.In conclusion, China should depend less on exports and fixed investment to stimulate real economic growth. Ultimately, China should preserve less power and subsidies state enterprises, but open up the market and nurture global competition. It benefits Chinese Economy in a long-term by re-directing resources away from inefficient (and often subsidized) sectors of the economy to those that are more efficient and competitive (5). The reform would not only increase the ability of Chinese mommies firms, but also constitute lower pri ces for consumers in China and alter standards of living after all.